Pre-)anthraquinones are widely distributed natural compounds and occur in plants, fungi, microorganisms, and animals, with atrochrysone (1) as the key biosynthetic precursor. Chemical analyses established mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius-the webcaps-as producers of atrochrysone-derived octaketide pigments. However, more recent genomic data did not provide any evidence for known atrochrysone carboxylic acid (4) synthases nor any other polyketide synthase (PKS) producing oligocyclic metabolites. Here, we describe an unprecedented class of non-reducing (NR-)PKS. In vitro assays with recombinant enzyme in combination with in vivo product formation in the heterologous host Aspergillus niger established CoPKS1 and CoPKS4 of C. odorifer as members of a new class of atrochrysone carboxylic acid synthases. CoPKS4 catalyzed both heptaand octaketide synthesis and yielded 6-hydroxymusizin (6), along with 4. These first mushroom PKSs for oligocyclic products illustrate how the biosynthesis of bioactive natural metabolites evolved independently in various groups of life.
The nonreducing iterative type I polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) CoPKS1 and CoPKS4 of the webcap mushroom Cortinarius odorifer share 88 % identical amino acids. CoPKS1 almost exclusively produces a tricyclic octaketide product, atrochrysone carboxylic acid, whereas CoPKS4 shows simultaneous hepta-and octaketide synthase activity and also produces the bicyclic heptaketide 6-hydroxymusizin. To identify the region(s) controlling chain length, four chimeric enzyme variants were constructed and assayed for activity in Aspergillus niger as heterologous expression platform. We provide evidence that the β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) domain determines chain length in these mushroom NR-PKSs, even though their KS domains differ in only ten amino acids. A unique proline-rich linker connecting the acyl carrier protein with the thioesterase domain varies most between these two enzymes but is not involved in chain length control.
(Prä‐)Anthrachinone sind weit verbreitete Naturstoffe, die in Pflanzen, Pilzen und Mikroorganismen vorkommen und deren biosynthetischer Vorläufer das Atrochryson (1) ist. Chemische Analysen zeigten, dass Pilze der Gattung Cortinarius – die Schleierlinge – Produzenten von Octaketid‐Farbstoffen sind, die sich von 1 ableiten. Neuere genomische Daten lieferten jedoch keine Hinweise auf bekannte Atrochrysonsäure (4)‐Synthasen oder andere Polyketidsynthasen (PKSs), die oligocyclische Metabolite produzieren. Hier beschreiben wir eine neuartige Klasse von nicht‐reduzierenden Polyketidsynthasen (NR‐PKS). In vitro‐Versuche mit rekombinantem Enzym, verbunden mit Produktbildung in vivo im heterologen Wirt Aspergillus niger zeigten, dass CoPKS1 und CoPKS4 aus C. odorifer einer neuen Klasse von Atrochrysonsäuresynthasen angehören. CoPKS4 wies sowohl Hepta‐ als auch Octaketidsynthaseaktivität auf und katalysierte neben 4 auch die Bildung von 6‐Hydroxymusizin (6). Diese ersten PKSs für oligocyclische Produkte aus Ständerpilzen (Basidiomyceten) illustrieren, wie sich die Biosynthese bioaktiver Naturstoffe in verschiedenen Organismengruppen unabhängig voneinander entwickelte.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.