Infectious alleles of endogenous banana streak viruses (eBSVs) are present in the genome of all banana interspecific cultivars, including plantains and cooking types. Activation of these infectious eBSV alleles by biotic and abiotic stresses leads to spontaneous infections by cognate viruses and raises concerns about their ability to promote outbreaks of banana streak viruses under field cultivation conditions. We undertook a comprehensive risk assessment study of infectious eBSV alleles of species BSOLV, BSGFV and BSIMV in banana interspecific cultivars in Guadeloupe, a tropical island of the Caribbean where bananas are grown for export and local markets. We carried out a prevalence survey of BSOLV, BSGFV and BSIMV species in a range of cultivars grown in Guadeloupe. Our results suggest that BSOLV and BSGFV infections arise from the activation of infectious eBSVs rather than vector-borne transmission and point to a correlation between altitude and infection rates in interspecific hybrids with AAB genotypes. We studied the dynamics of activation of infectious eBSOLV and eBSGFV alleles by tissue culture and field cultivation in a range of cultivars. We showed that tissue culture and field cultivation trigger distinct activation pathways, resulting in distinct activation patterns. We also showed that activation decreased over time during cell culture and field cultivation and that BSV infections arising from the activation of infectious eBSV alleles cause symptomless infections in the most cultivated plantain in Guadeloupe, French Clair. Overall, our study shows that the risk of BSV outbreaks resulting from the activation of infectious eBSVs in plantain originating from vegetative multiplication is negligible in Guadeloupe.

Ancient Greeks used two terms to designate their language or languages : glōssa, which took on the meaning of language in modern Greek, and dialektos, which of course means dialect. But unlike the use of these terms in the modern languages, for the ancient Greeks they did not necessarily refer to the expected hierarchy : the grammarians used dialektos equally to designate any language or way of speaking, whereas glōssa refers rather to a word or an expression belonging to what we now call a dialect ! Amongst historians the two words are virtually equivalent and both refer to any language without any hierarchy. On the other hand, as far as the designation of languages is concerned, Greeks did not use, as we do, a nominalized form such as «Greek » or «Attic » . In fact they conceived their language and its different dialects, as much as the «barbarian » languages, as ways of speaking (dialektos) by different peoples. Finally it is clear that, even though it is premature to call the work achieved by Greek grammarians grammatisation, this did not prevent them from conceiving linguistic otherness in their own linguistic domain.