Commercial sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonates widely used in detergent compositions are obtained by alkylating benzene "with polypropylene averaging about the tetramer, sulfonating the alkylaryl hydrocarbon with sulfuric acid, oleum, or sulfur trioxide and neutralizing the sulfonic acid mix with sodium hydroxide. The side chain structure of the hydrocarbon and the distribution of the possible sulfonate isomers are essentially unknown.Although long chain phenylalkanes of known structure have been synthesized and sulfonated, the possibility of ring isomerism in the sulfonate and its effect on the surface active characteristics have not been previously considered. The objective of the present series of investigations is to synthesize phenylalkanes by unequivocal means, sulfonate these hydrocarbons, isolate the sulfonate isomers and examine their physical and chemical properties. This paper reports the preparation and sulfonation of 1-phenyloctane, 1-phenyldodecane, 2-phenyltridecane, and 5-phenyldodecane. The surface active properties of detergency, foam, wetting and surface tension of the isolated ortho and para sulfonates have been studied in order to obtain a measure of the effect of the differences between these isomers in relation to the position of the phenyl group in the long aliphatic chain.The synthesis of 1-phenyloctane and 1-phenyldodecane by the following sequence of reactions gave the desired products in good yield:

We describe a method for measuring plasma cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and dibucaine and fluoride numbers by using the Cobas-Bio. Benzoyl choline chloride is used as substrate. Reaction conditions are the same as in the corresponding manual method. The reaction is stopped with physostigmine. Choline oxidase (EC 1.1.3.17) is coupled with 4-aminoantipyrene. In the presence of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), the 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonate indicator reaction gives a red product, measured at 505 nm. The analyzer is used in the "Multi Run" mode, with plasma cholinesterase and dibucaine and fluoride inhibition concurrently measured for eight samples. Coefficients of correlation between the manual and present method for plasma cholinesterase and dibucaine and fluoride numbers in 40 patients of various phenotypes were 0.843, 0.923, and 0.717, respectively. The inter-batch CV for each of the three assays was 2% to 3%.

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Model long chain sodium ortho and para alkylbenzenesulfonates having primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms attached to the phenyl group have been evaluated for foam, wetting and detergency. The data indicate that the surface active properties of these three classes of compounds which are primarily linear in structure are dependent upon sulfonate position, phenyl position and chain length. Each of these factors contributes to performance. Ortho sulfonates are better wetting agents than para sulfonates but the para compounds generally foam better and appear to have superior detergency properties than their respective ortho isomers. Ortho sulfouate in a detergent composition may have a greater influence on surface active properties than had been heretofore recognized.

The ability of automatic dishwashing products to perform satisfactorily in mechanical machines is dependent upon a number of factors, including machine design and composition of product. Although most leading dishwashers are highly satisfactory for food-soil removal, the detergent composition and its usage can affect performance characteristics.In this paper the objectionable tendency of automatic dishwashing detergent compositions to cause glassware spotting or filming, fading of fine china decoration, and silverware discoloration is considered. The means to minimize these deficiencies are presented.