Este artigo discute a política macroeconômica do segundo governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1999-2002), marcada por mudanças nas áreas fiscal, cambial e monetária. Na área fiscal, passou-se a gerar superávit primário e avançou-se nos esforços de reforma estrutural. Na área cambial, a passagem do regime de câmbio administrado para uma flutuação suja permitiu o ajuste do elevado déficit em conta corrente verificado no primeiro mandato. Na área monetária, o regime de metas de inflação substituiu a subordinação da política monetária à defesa do regime cambial. Após tais alterações, o país passou a contar com um regime mais sustentável e transparente, cuja eficácia permaneceu limitada pela herança do regime anterior, gerador de desequilíbrios, e pelas instabilidades financeiras internacional e domésticas no período. Acreditamos que o novo regime é adequado para a criação das condições no sentido da recuperação do investimento e do crescimento econômico, mas os principais desafios atuais residem mais em aspectos institucionais e regulatórios do que no regime de política macroeconômica.
This paper analyses the macroeconomic policy of FHC's second government (1999-2002), that was marked by fiscal, foreign exchange and monetary changes. In the fiscal area, a primary superavit was generated and the efforts towards a structural reform were increased. Regarding foreign exchange policies, the move from administered exchange to one of dirty floating allowed for an adjustment of the high deficit in the current account that occurred in the first term of office. In the monetary field, the regime of inflation goals substituted the subordination of the monetary policy to the defense of the exchange regime. These alterations brought a more sustainable and transparent regime to the country, but its efficiency was limited due to the inheritance of the old regime, that generated unbalances and also to the international and domestic financial instabilities of the period. The new regime is adequate for the creation of conditions for the recovery of investments and for economic growth, but the main present chalenges have more to do with the institutional and regulatory aspects than with the macroeconomic policy regime
This paper investigates the price transmission in the world market for soybeans using time series econometrics models. The theoretical model developed by Mundlack and Larson (1992) is based on the Law of the One Price, which assumes price equalization across all local markets in the long run and allows for deviations in the short run. The international market was characterized by three relevant soybean prices: Rotterdam Port, Argentina and the United States. The paper estimates the elasticity of transmission of these prices into soybean prices in Brazil. There were carried causality and cointegration tests in order to identify whether there is significant long-term relationship among these variables. There was also calculated the impulse-response function and forecast error variance decomposition to analyze the transmission of variations in the international prices over Brazilian prices. An exogeneity test was also carried out so as to check whether the variables respond to short term deviations from equilibrium values. Results validated the Law of the One Price in the long run. In line with many studies, this paper showed that Brazil and Argentina can be seen as price takers as long as the speed of their adjustment to shocks is faster than in the United States, the latter being a price maker.
Este artigo analisa os marcos regulatórios estaduais para o setor de saneamento básico. A pesquisa documental identificou a presença de leis estaduais em apenas cinco estados (São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte e Goiás). Os marcos legais estaduais são descritos quanto a um conjunto de atributos ou funções selecionadas: universalização, instrumentos financeiros, regulação e controle social. A principal conclusão é que o desenvolvimento dessas políticas, assim como sua regulamentação, encontra-se em estágio incipiente e poderá receber impulso com aprovação de nova lei federal de dezembro de 2006.
A internacionalização de empresas e de capitais, e a preocupação com temas de sustentabilidade socioambiental, são duas grandes tendências neste início do novo milênio. O artigo explora as relações entre esses dois temas e mostra que nem sempre elas são positivas internacionalização & sustentabilidade
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