KEY MESSAGESThe proportion of COPD patients with ICS prescriptions in Balearic primary care is lower than proportions observed in other studies. Asthma comorbidity, exacerbations, severe bronchial-obstruction, smoking status and spirometry-registered data were associated with ICS prescription. High-dose ICS prescription was associated with severe obstruction, exacerbations and co-morbid asthma. ABSTRACTBackground: There is a worldwide over-prescription of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), off-label prescribing, and unnecessary prescription of high doses. Objectives: Our aim was to assess the prescription rate of ICS and to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with ICS prescription among patients with COPD, treated in Balearic primary healthcare. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all patients with a clinical COPD diagnosis, who attended a primary care centre of the Balearic Islands (Spain) during 2012. Also, a sub-population with spirometry-confirmed COPD was defined. Data were obtained on patient demographics, smoking status, spirometry, ICS prescriptions, other respiratory medication, exacerbations and comorbidities. Associations with ICS and high-dose ICS prescription were assessed using multivariate regression analyses. Results: In total, 15,440 patients were included (70% men, mean age 68.6 years), and 44.6% were prescribed ICS. The largest association with ICS prescription was asthma comorbidity (OR: 3.50; 95%CI: 3.12-3.92), followed by exacerbation history (OR: 2.23; 95%CI: 2.07-2.47). In addition, smoking status, spirometry, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and mean age were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with ICS treatment. In the spirometry-confirmed population, asthma (OR: 2.89; 95%CI: 2.29-3.64) and exacerbations were also the major factors (OR: 2.85; 95%CI: 2.45-3.32) followed by severe bronchial-obstruction (OR: 2.63; 95%CI: 2.24-3.08). High-dose ICS prescription was mainly associated with severe obstruction (OR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.93-2.68). Conclusion: The percentage of COPD patients prescribed ICS in Balearic primary care is relatively low. Asthma comorbidity, exacerbation history, severe bronchial-obstruction, smoking status and a spirometry-confirmed COPD diagnosis were significantly associated with ICS prescription.