-To identify the evolutionary lineage of honey bee colonies in Turkey, the mtDNA of 244 colonies from 20 locations was analyzed. Several polymorphic restriction sites showed that they belonged to the Mediterranean C lineage. DraI digestion of the CoxI-CoxII intergenic region produced four fragment patterns, one first seen in this study. From 37 colonies from 16 different locations in Turkey and two colonies from Iran, the intergenic region was sequenced. Previously, from among all honey bee populations of the C lineage, eight haplotypes had been described from this mtDNA region, three of which were found here. In addition, eight new haplotypes were found. A deletion in one of these haplotypes accounts for the novel DraI RFLP pattern. Most of the novel haplotypes were in a subgroup of lineage C, yet none of these had been found in previous studies of Turkish honey bees. The geographical distribution of some haplotypes suggests that they may be characteristic of subspecies native to Turkey.Apis mellifera / mtDNA / DNA sequence / genetic variability / Turkey

The ISSR markers were found to be promising for assessing the genetic diversity in buffalo populations. Potential genetic parameters such as PIC, R(p), R(p), H and I were effectively used in this study.

Background: Factor XI (FXI) is a plasma protein that participates in the formation of blood clots. Factor XI deficiency is autosomal recessive hereditary disorder that may be associated with excess bleeding in Holstein cattle.

No abstract

Retrogenes are functional processed copies of genes that originate via the retrotranscription of an mRNA intermediate and often exhibit testis-specific expression. Although this expression pattern appears to be favored by selection, the origin of such expression bias remains unexplained. Here, we study the regulation of two young testis-specific Drosophila retrogenes, Dntf-2r and Pros28.1A, using genetic transformation and the enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that two different short (<24 bp) regions upstream of the transcription start sites (TSSs) act as testis-specific regulatory motifs in these genes. The Dntf-2r regulatory region is similar to the known β2 tubulin 14-bp testis motif (β2-tubulin gene upstream element 1 [β2-UE1]). Comparative sequence analyses reveal that this motif was already present before the Dntf-2r insertion and was likely driving the transcription of a noncoding RNA. We also show that the β2-UE1 occurs in the regulatory regions of other testis-specific retrogenes, and is functional in either orientation. In contrast, the Pros28.1A testes regulatory region in D. melanogaster appears to be novel. Only Pros28.1B, an older paralog of the Pros28.1 gene family, seems to carry a similar regulatory sequence. It is unclear how the Pros28.1A regulatory region was acquired in D. melanogaster, but it might have evolved de novo from within a region that may have been preprimed for testes expression. We conclude that relocation is critical for the evolutionary origin of male germline-specific cis-regulatory regions of retrogenes because expression depends on either the site of the retrogene insertion or the sequence changes close to the TSS thereafter. As a consequence we infer that positive selection will play a role in the evolution of these regulatory regions and can often act from the moment of the retrocopy insertion.