The present study examined the direct and indirect (via workaholism) relationships between competitive work environments and subjective unhealthiness. It also examined the effects of adjusting for cognitive distortions in the relationship between a competitive work environment and subjective unhealthiness and between a competitive work environment and workaholism. Data were collected from 9,716 workers in various industries, occupations, and positions. The results show that competitive work environments were positively related to subjective unhealthiness, both directly and through workaholism. Furthermore, cognitive distortions moderated the positive effect between a competitive work environment and workaholism, and the positive relationship was stronger when cognitive distortions were high (as compared to low). This study has important and practical implications for companies that are increasingly concerned about the health of their employees.

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The shift to telework, which had been slow even after reform of work styles, was accelerated by Covid-19.Many companies began to use videoconferencing services such as Zoom as the primary means of internal and external communication during telework. However, as external factors have forced adoption of videoconferencing, there is little knowledge of its characteristics and limitations as a communication medium, and many companies are still in a state of exploration. Studies of computer-mediated communication compared to face-to-face have pointed out that empathy, which is the heart of emotional labor (Hochschild, 1983), is inhibited (Grondin et al., 2019). To maintain the same level of empathy in telework as in past interactions, there is a need to monitor and manage the empathy of other persons through the screen. There are limits to what can be learned about empathy in online lectures, training sessions, conferences, and events through traditional post-event surveys. Therefore, this study proposes a method to monitor the empathy of participants immediately and over time in the flow of a videoconference or webinar, examines the validity and effectiveness of the approach, and summarizes the practical implications and directions for future research.