As medicinal plants can accumulate harmful metals from the native soil, people's consumption of these materials may cause the human body to accumulate toxic metal elements. This has given rise to people’s concerns about the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials. This research aims to determine the levels of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in four medicinal plant species ( Aster tataricus L.f., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge , Radix Aucklandiae, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi ) and their native soil. All samples were collected from Qian’an city, beside Yanshan Mountain Range in Tangshan city, east Hebei Province, north China. The contents of heavy metals we detected in the soil conformed to the current limits. However, the Cd and Hg in the soil had a very high potential ecological risk because of their contents higher than the base level of local soil. The contents of Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in some medicinal herbs exceeded the standards. The content of Cu in Radix Aucklandiae exceeded the standard by 3 times, and others exceeded the standard by less than one time. The comprehensive health risk assessment of heavy metals with chronic non-carcinogenic effects for human body showed that none of the four medicinal herbs can create a health risk. Thus, there is no strong positive correlation between heavy metal pollution in medicinal herbs and that in the native soil. Further research should be investigated to the connection between the heavy metal levels in the soil and plants, and the comprehensive effects of soil, air and irrigation water on heavy metal pollution of Chinese herbal medicines. We also recommend that Chinese herbal medicines should be cultivated and gathered only from controlled or uncontaminated areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10653-021-00978-z.
Background: The aim of this study was to explore the main effects of miRNAs as well as their interaction effects with well-replicated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) environmental risk factors on the risk of ASD.Methods: 159 ASD children (ASD group) and 159 healthy children (control group), aged 2-6 years, were included in this study. ASD diagnoses were based on DSM-5 criteria. The extensive medical and demographic characterization of the two groups were recorded. And microRNAs (miRNAs) in serum were detected by qRT-PCR. Results: Comparing to control group, ASD group had significant higher rates of maternal stress during pregnancy (p<0.001), maternal drinking during pregnancy (p=0.006), threatened abortion (p=0.011), pregnancy-induced hypertension (p=0.032), gestational diabetes (p=0.039), maternal anemia during pregnancy (p<0.001), umbilical cord knot (p<0.001), neonatal jaundice (p<0.001), family psychiatric history (p=0.001), and much lower birth weight (p=0.012). Furthermore, ASD group had much lower expression levels of has-miR-181b-5p (p<0.001) and has-miR-320a (p<0.001), and significant higher levels of has-miR-19b-3p (p<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the interactions of has-miR-320a and maternal stress during pregnancy (OR=39.42, p<0.001), has-miR-19b-3p and neonatal jaundice (OR=2.44, p<0.001), has-miR-181b-5p and family psychiatric history (OR=8.65, p=0.001) could increase ASD risk. Conclusions:The dysregulation of has-miR-181b-5p,has-miR-320a and has-miR-19b-3p could interact with environmental factors, such as maternal stress during pregnancy, neonatal jaundice and family psychiatric history, to impact the risk of ASD.
Applying case-teaching is an effective measure in course teaching of preventive medicine specialty. To improve the effect of class teaching, this paper discusses the methods and forms in course teaching of preventive medicine specialty. First, the active and pragmatic case teaching materials were wrote and edited carefully on characteristic of each speciality course. Second, teachers prepared and practiced effective case teaching activity. Third, term's surveys were conducted to evaluate the effect of case teaching activity in students. In this study, 8 caseteaching materials had been published and used in courses. 95% students get A level of comprehensive examination on subject discussion. The rate of Students' satisfaction on case-teaching is 90.2%. More than 85% students are sure in improving their understanding and application abilities. It is inevitable to cultivate creative and practical ability of students, training positive occupation behavior of teachers and students, through case teaching course.
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