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In this paper, a mathematical model for the oxidative desulfurization of kerosene had been developed. The mathematical model and simulation process is a very important process due to it provides a better understanding of a real process. The mathematical model in this study was based on experimental results which were taken from literature to calculate the optimal kinetic parameters where simulation and optimization were conducted using gPROMS software. The optimal kinetic parameters were Activation energy 18.63958 kJ/mol, Pre-exponential factor 2201.34 (wt)-0.76636. min-1 and the reaction order 1.76636. These optimal kinetic parameters were used to find the optimal reaction conditions which used to obtain a high conversion (≥ 99%). These optimal reaction conditions were reaction temperature 379.4 oK and reaction time 160 min. A scale up to batch reactor was conducted using these optimal kinetic parameters and optimal reaction conditions and the results showed the best reactor size that can be used at a diameter of 1.2 m.

A high-pressure trickle-bed reactor was used to achieue high productivity and selectivity for the manufacture of a key herbicide intermediate AA) NA). Raney Nickel catalysts of varying activity were prescreened for suitability in tricklebed operation. The effect of operating parameters such as reactant feed concentration, liquid mass uelocity, and temperature on the yield of amino alcohol (A) for RNi-a are discussed. The superiority of trickle-bed reactors ouer others such as semibatch and batch sluny systems is demonstrated. The AA yield increases with decrease in feed reactant concentration and liquid mass velocity, as well as with lowering of the operating temperature. A maximum product yield of 90.1% was obtained at 8.3 wt. % feed concentration of nitroalcohol (NA), while at the highest feed concentration of 40 wt. % NA, the maximum product yield was 58%. The volumetric productivity of AA was significantly higher at higher reactant feed concentrations, even though the yield was lower under these conditions. The operating temperature was also an important parameter, with a lower temperature being preferable for trickle-bed experiments. Bed dilution with inert fines improued catalyst utilization and increased the AA yield and productivity in the laboratory-scale trickle-bed reactor.

This work reports the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) via an oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process over Zn/Al2O3 catalyst utilizing H2O2 as an oxidizing agent. The influence of operating parameters, such as reaction temperature, time was investigated. Results clarified that recognizably high DBT elimination of 93.781% has been achieved within 80 min using 0.1 g (9% Zn/Al2O3) catalyst at 90 °C reaction temperature. It was observed that an overall ODS catalytic efficiency order of: 9% ZnO/γ-Al2O3> 6% ZnO/γ-Al2O3> 3% ZnO/γ-Al2O3. Discernment of the surface morphology and textural properties of prepared nano-catalysts were characterized utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and BET surface area analysis, which assisted in evaluating the performance of the prepared nano-catalysts. Owing to its highly effective nature, operation at moderate conditions and cost-effectiveness, this work can be conceived as an efficient methodology for the ODS operation of fuel oils on an industrial scale.

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