Abstract. In order to design buildings that are resistant to earthquakes, first it is necessary to determine the parameters of ground motion. In this study, the earthquake seismic hazard analysis of the Old City Districts of Istanbul (Fatih and Eminonu) was probabilistically defined. For the analysis, the study zone was divided into 307 cells of 250 × 250 m using geographical information systems, and these cells were used in the mapping of all the data obtained. Then, for a building lifetime of 50 yr, the acceleration parameters of earthquake ground motions, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and spectral acceleration values of 0.2 s and 1 s were obtained at the bedrock level according to 10 % and 40 % exceedances. Additionally, in order to produce the artificial acceleration-time records of the ground movement in accordance with the NEHRP acceleration spectrum, the TARSCHTS computer simulation program was utilized. The results of the analysis showed that for the 10 % probability of exceedance, the peak bedrock acceleration values ranged from 0.30 g to 0.40 g, and for the 40 % exceedance probability the acceleration values ranged from 0.22 g to 0.17 g. The S s 10 % exceedance probability, calculated according to the spectral acceleration parameter, ranged from 0.67 g to 0.85 g and the spectral acceleration parameter S 1 varied between 0.22 g-0.28 g. The S s 40 % exceedance probability, calculated according to the spectral acceleration parameter, ranged from 0.46 g to 0.38 g and the spectral acceleration parameter S 1 varied from 0.12 g to 0.14 g.

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Abstract. Istanbul city has experienced many strong earthquakes throughout its history and suffered extensive damage. The old Istanbul (Fatih and Eminonu districts), one of the most densely populated locations of Istanbul city, is a commercial centre and has many significant historical buildings. In this study, the data pertaining to the damage sustained by historical artifacts and structures from past earthquakes, are examined along with the soil amplification of the region, the liquefaction and slope stability risk in relation to the seismic microzonation maps which were prepared using geographic information system techniques. The relationship between soil behaviour and the damage resulting from previous earthquakes. The structural damage observed in the region was in accordance with the microzonation maps. Since the area does not have a high risk in terms of slope stability, this does not have much impact on the level of damage. However, it was found that soil amplification and partial liquefaction contributed to the damage to historical artifacts and structures.

In this work, the surface ground motion that occurs during an earthquake in ground sections having different topographic forms has been examined with one and two dynamic site response analyses. One-dimensional analyses were undertaken using the Equivalent-Linear Earthquake Response Analysis (EERA) program based on the equivalent linear analysis principle and the Deepsoil program which is able to make both equivalent linear and nonlinear analyses and two-dimensional analyses using the Plaxis 8.2 software. The viscous damping parameters used in the dynamic site response analyses undertaken with the Plaxis 8.2 software were obtained using the DeepSoil program. In the dynamic site response analyses, the synthetic acceleration over a 475year return period representing the earthquakes in Istanbul was used as the basis of the bedrock ground motion. The peak ground acceleration obtained different depths of soils and acceleration spectrum values have been compared. The surface topography and layer boundaries in the 5-5 cross section which cuts across the study area west to east were selected in order to examine the effect of the land topography and layer boundaries on the analysis results, and were flattened and compared with the actual status. The analysis results showed that the characteristics of the surface ground motion change in relation to the varying local soil conditions and land topography.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Syst. Sci., 14, 1773-1788, 2014 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/1773/2014/ G. Ç.İnce and L. Yılmazoglu: Investigating the influence of topographic irregularities Nat. Hazards EarthConsidering the results, it is observed that the surface topography has an influence on and changes the acceleration value. Moreover, when the field topography becomes flat, the acceleration values can be said to increase in the one and two-dimensional analyses.

The basic characteristic of Ottoman bazaars is that they consist of rows of small shops along streets, while modern shopping malls are dominated by the food, beverage and entertainment industry together with large scale shops. The Historic Peninsula in Istanbul was a commercial center accessed by traders via the sea and land routes, and that is where they exchanged and sold their goods since it was settled as a residential area, and this continues to the present day. Traditional Ottoman bazaars had large courtyards which also were social public spaces. The aim of this paper is to discuss in detail the existing problems and difficulties involved in the adaptive reuse of Ottoman Trade Inns located on the Historic Peninsula in Istanbul, particularly inns with courtyards that were built up until the end of 19th century. Recommendations will be given in terms of the protection and reuse of Ottoman Inns in a way that is integrated with daily life.