Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in the emergency departments worldwide.The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs are early recognition, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prompt resuscitation of patients with ongoing sepsis is of utmost important.In hospitals worldwide, non-acceptance of, or lack of access to, accessible evidence-based practices and guidelines result in overall poorer outcome of patients suffering IAIs.The aim of this paper is to promote global standards of care in IAIs and update the 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.

A 26-year-old white woman in the 35th week of pregnancy presented with severe dyspnea due to massive bilateral chylothorax, necessitating a low transverse cesarean section for delivery of a healthy baby.Conservative treatment consisting of bilateral closed tube thoracostomy and total parenteral nutrition was instituted but proved ineffective. A left thoracotomy was performed and multiple small lymphatic channels were ligated at the esophageal hiatus on both sides along with all tissue between the aorta and the azygos vein. After surgery the chyle effusion ceased and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 14. Although a chest CT scan 1 year after surgery did not show any abnormality in the lungs, pleurae or mediastinum, the patient (who was HIV negative) still presented with a severe combined immunodeficiency. Although an abdominal CT scan revealed numerous rounded, non-enhancing splenic lesions up to 1 cm l Corresponding author,

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