The effect of dietary oils [menhaden (MO), flax (FL), palm (PO), and sunflower oils (SF)] with added tocopherols on the tocopherol deposition, fatty acid composition, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of egg or tissues (liver, adipose tissue, white meat, and dark meat) were examined. Addition of tocopherols increased (P < 0.05) the total egg or tissue tocopherol content. The enhancement of total tocopherols in the different tissues in the order of magnitude were egg yolk > liver > adipose tissue > dark meat > white meat. Dark meat contained higher (P < 0.05) total tocopherols than white meat. Dietary MO or FL resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) incorporation of C20:5 n-3 and c22:6 n-3 with a concomitant reduction in C20:4 n-6 in liver, egg, white meat and dark meat. Dietary SF resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) incorporation of C18:2 n-6 and C20:4 n-6 in all the tissues. Addition of PO did not result in any change in the yolk saturated fatty acid content. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids were greater (P < 0.05) in all the tissues from PO diets than in diets with other oils. Dietary tocopherols resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the content of C20:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 in the yolk, adipose tissue, and white meat from birds fed MO + T diets. Inclusion of tocopherols resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in TBA values in eggs, in liver for MO and FL diets, and in dark and white meat for the MO diet. Tocopherol supplementation did not result in any change in TBA values in the PO diet.

Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens were fed diets containing 8 and 16% ground flax seed or 16% ground canola seed and were compared with birds fed a wheat and soybean control diet. Levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the egg yolk were monitored, and fertilized eggs were incubated after a plateau of omega-3 fatty acid level was reached. Fatty acid analyses were conducted on brain tissues of embryos at 15, 17, and 19 days of incubation and on newly hatched chicks. Fatty acid composition of plasma of the chicks was also determined. As compared with the controls, the omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs from hens fed flax and canola seed increased significantly (P<05), and the brain tissue of embryos and chicks contained significantly (P<.05) more omega-3 fatty acids, predominantly docosahexaenoic acid (C22 ; 6ai3)-T^ plasma of the chicks from hens fed flax seed contained significantly (P<05) more omega-3 fatty acids than those fed the control diet. The arachidonic acid (C20:4

Four different methods (direct-methylation, saponification, chloroform-methanol extraction, and postextraction saponification) were compared to determine the fatty acids in egg yolk. About 50 mg of pooled egg yolk samples, with C23:0 as an internal standard, was used for all assays. No difference (P > 0.05) was observed among the four methods for C17:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:1, C18:2n-6, and C22:6n-3 content of egg yolk. Direct saponification resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) content of C14:0, C16:1, C18:3n-3, and C20:4n-6. Fatty acids at less than 0.5%, such as C15:0 and C14:1, were not detectable in the direct saponification method. The total saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids did not differ (P > 0.05) among the four methods. Direct methylation of egg yolk resulted in lower variability than other methods and is fast and economic for determining egg fatty acid composition.

1,121 women in northern Alberta diagnosed as having breast cancer between 1971-74 were followed for 10 years. Risk factors for breast cancer were studied with respect to their possible influence on survival by comparing survival curves, using both Logrank and Cox's regression model, and controlling for intercurrent death, stage and axillary node status. A complex interaction was found between age and menopausal status and survival rates. Premenopausal women aged 45-55 had a better survival rate than postmenopausal women of the same age. However, one subgroup of premenopausal women aged 35-39 had a significantly worse prognosis than those aged 40-44 as did a group of post menopausal women aged 70-74. No cause was found other than the effect of age. There was a significant trend to worsening survival with heavier weight at time of diagnosis and with breast feeding. Parity of five or more and family history of breast cancer were less consistently associated with worse survival. Oral contraceptive use was only associated with worsened prognosis significantly when stage was controlled for; there was no overall effect. Age at menarche and age at first birth did not influence prognosis. Theories to explain the findings are discussed.

The effects of feeding menhaden, flax, palm, or sunflower oils with tocopherols to laying hens on the internal quality of eggs during 40-days storage were examined. Dietary tocopherols increased (P Ͻ 0.05) the tocopherol content of eggs. Addition of tocopherols increased (P Ͻ 0.05) the Haugh unit at 40-days storage in menhaden, flax, and palm oil eggs. Dietary tocopherols increased (P Ͻ 0.05) the content of 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 in menhaden oil eggs. At 40-days storage, the TBA values in menhaden oil eggs were reduced (P Ͻ 0.05) by dietary tocopherols. Storage decreased (P Ͻ 0.05) ␦-tocopherol in the flax and sunflower oil eggs. Yolk pH increased during storage (P Ͻ 0.05).