Water is one of the main sources that are utilised all over the world. The scarcity of water is due to the rapid development of urbanization, population growth, agricultural growth, industrialization, and other environmental issues arising from chemical and biological contaminants in water that turn it into pollution. It is important to manage the waste to avoid environmental and social problems. Wastewater treatment is a method to turn wastewater into valuables that can be used in domestic as well as urban agriculture. It is estimated that nearly 38,354 million litres of sewage are generated per day, but only a few are treated. In wastewater treatment, several issues arise in the primary stage due to the clogging of solid particles that accumulate in the wastewater, and then the primary pretreatment is performed to reduce these solid particles. Mainly in industries, wastewater management is essential because the toxic effluent from industrial waste can affect the environment, be harmful to aquatic organisms, and lead to contaminants and pollution. There are various methods that can be used to treat wastewater, such as using algae technology to treat wastewater generated from industries through the growth of algae, which can then be utilised in biofertilizers, biofuel production, etc. Many applications are performed in water management, such as in agriculture, the chemical industry, the tannery industry, immobilization, nanofiltration, carbon capturing technology, microbial bioremediation, and other fields. We can see the advantages and disadvantages of these applications in this article.

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This study examined the aquatic toxicity of dichloromethane (DCM) on Oreochromis mossambicus. Along with aquatic toxicity studies, in silico research was also conducted to identify ways of improving the fish’s immune system, which may help to fight the oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects of DCM. The activities of glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes were studied in samples from the brains, muscles, livers, and gills of fish treated with different concentrations of DCM (730, 760, and 790 ppm). Histopathological and hematological studies were also completed at various concentrations of DCM. Molecular docking studies of the bioactive compounds of Aloe vera against interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were conducted, and drug properties were also analyzed. The lethal concentration (LC50) of DCM in the fish was found to be 760 ppm. The hematological study revealed that tissues exposed to 760 ppm of DCM had an elevated leukocyte count, high amounts of hemoglobin, and very low platelet counts. The liver histopathological study identified cellular alterations such as necrosis, and the gills showed lamellar fusion and congestion. The compound sitosterol showed strong binding energy (-12.398 kcal/mol) against IL-1β, followed by squalene (−12.157 kcal/mol). Pharmacokinetic properties were also analyzed, with satisfactory results. Thus, the hematological and histopathological studies reveal that DCM has a potential ability to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects. Hence, the phytochemicals of Aloe vera can improve the immune system to fight against the neurotoxicity of DCM, which can be further validated by in vitro and in vivo studies.

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