The rheological behavior and thermal conductivity of graphite–ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluid is investigated in this research work. The nanofluid is prepared by two-step method using polyvinylpyrrolidone as surfactant. Volume concentration (vol. %) of 0.2, 0.8, and 2 % graphite-EG nanofluid are prepared by ultrasonicating for 5 h. Initially, the effect of temperature variation from 25°C to 60°C (with a difference of every 2.5°C) on the viscosity of prepared nanofluid for different volume concentrations is studied at a fixed shear rate of 25 s−1. The effect of shear rate from 0.1 to 100 s−1 on the viscosity of nanofluid is tested at a fixed temperature of 25°C. The nanoparticle size considered for analysis of viscosity is <50 nm. Viscoelastic behavior of the nanofluid with respect to change in amplitude and frequency is investigated for 0.2 vol. %. The viscosity analysis is carried out considering graphite nanoparticles of size <50 nm. Later, the thermal conductivity of prepared nanofluid is investigated at a constant temperature (25°C) for nanoparticle sizes of <50 and <100 nm. Finally, from this complete investigation it is concluded that the viscosity of nanofluid increased slightly from 17 to 19 cP with an increase in volume concentration but decreased by 58 % with an increase in temperature. The thermal conductivity for 2 vol. % nanofluid with nanoparticle size <50 nm is found to increase by 16.3 % compared with nanoparticle size <100 nm.

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The effect of Z n -P -F e interaction in the nutrition of the maize plant was first examined by a well-controlled pot culture experiment and the results subsequently evaluated by a field trial.Dry matter production by root and shoot was affected significantly by the nutrient interaction. Enhanced P application reduced Zn concentration in shoot by more than half as compared to root. While Zr~ concentration per se in the plant increased, its relative mobility from root to shoot was vastly impeded, implying a physiological inhibition in movement from root to shoot. Root uptake of P almost doubled resultant from enhanced P application indicating a 'concentration effect'. A 'locking up' process of P movement from root to shoot was observed. Relatively more Fe than Zn was root absorbed and immobilized resulting in reduced translocation to shoot. Dry matter yield increases were recorded generally at or around a P/Zn ratio of 19 and 65 respectively in root and shoot. Corresponding values for P/Fe and Fe/Zn ratios were 284 and 11 and 67 and 6 respectively. Sampling of the substrate at 15 days interval indicated decreased availability of Zn, P and Fe as a function of time consequent to plant growth. Significant differences in availability with reference to higher amounts of applied Zn were observed only later during crop growth, while in the case of P and Fe they were observed at each sampling. Available Zn and P correlated positively with plant shoot and root tissue concentration. With Fe, the correlation was negative in the case of shoot. The contrasting 'r' values of Zn and Fe in shoot implicates the strong possibility of P-induced Zn-Fe antagonism.Field evaluation of the experiment indicated the depressing effect of high P application on grain yield and also its nullifying effects on the otherwise positive effect of Zn and Fe application.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the world's third leading cause of death, accounting for 3.23 million deaths in 20191. It is the second major cause of death in India and affects an estimated 53 million people 1. BODE INDEX is multivariable grading system that estimates severity of respiratory and systemic components of COPD patients and was designed to predict quality of life in COPD patients. The four variables BMI (B), FEV1% predicted (O), Dyspnoea (D) as measured by MMRC, Exercise capacity (E) as measured by the six-minute–walk test. In stable COPD patients desaturation upon exertion is a major factor which can be used as a predictor of QOL (quality of life) , future exacerbations, severity  of the disease etc. The current study is focussed upon estimation of COPD prevalence by clinical severity stages as measured by BODE index and the correlation between exercise induced desaturation and various quartiles of  BODE INDEX in stable COPD patients.