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The changes in the pattern of bacteria in root canal after repeated washing with NaOCl and endodontic instrumentation were evaluated. Samples were obtained from the root canals of patients before and after endodontic instrumentation, and analyzed according to the usual microbiological techniques. Washing with NaOCl and endodontic instrumentation act against bacteria such as Peptostreptococci, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces israelii, Proteus mirabilis, Bacteroides, whereas Streptococcus lactis and Aerococcus were present before and after endodontic instrumentation. Environmental conditions such as low pH could be responsible for the persistence of gram-positive bacteria. The use of topical treatment and the associated endodontic instrumentation seem useful in the eradication of some bacteria in the root canal.

Left atrial strain (LAS) is the most promising technique for assessment of diastolic dysfunction but few data are available in neonates. Our aim was to assess feasibility and reproducibility, and to provide reference ranges of LAS in healthy neonates in the first 48 h of life. We performed one echocardiography in 30 neonates to assess feasibility and develop a standard protocol for image acquisition and analysis. LAS reservoir (LASr), conduit (LAScd) and contraction (LASct) were measured. We performed echocardiography at 24 and 48 h of life in an unrelated cohort of 90 neonates. Median (range) gestational age and weight of the first cohort were 34.4 (26.4–40.2) weeks and 2075 (660–3680) g. LAS feasibility was 96.7%. Mean (SD) gestational age and weight of the second cohort were 34.2 (3.8) weeks and 2162 (833) g. Mean (SD) LASr significantly increased from 24 to 48 h: 32.9 (3.2) to 36.8 (4.6). Mean (SD) LAScd and LASct were stable: −20.6 (8.0) and −20.8 (9.9), −11.6 (4.9) and −13.5 (6.4). Intra and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient for LASr, LAScd and LASct were 0.992, 0.993, 0.986 and 0.936, 0.938 and 0.871, respectively. We showed high feasibility and reproducibility of LAS in neonates and provided reference ranges.

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