-S-metolachlor is a preemergent herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds in more than 70 agricultural crops worldwide. Recently, S-metolachlor has been used to control imidazolinone-resistant red rice in rice-soybean rotation in lowland environments of the Southern Brazil. However, limited information concerning the environmental fate of S-metolachlor in lowland soil is available in the literature. Thus, this review was designed to describe the major transport and dissipation processes of S-metolachlor in attempting to improve weed management programs used in rice-soybean rotation and mitigate environmental contamination of lowland areas.Keywords: chloroacetamide, degradation, dissipation, transport, retention. RESUMO -S-metolachlor é um herbicida pré-emergente utilizado mundialmente para controle de plantas daninhas em mais de 70 culturas agrícolas. Nos últimos anos, esse herbicida vem sendo usado para controlar arroz-vermelho resistente às imidazolinonas em áreas de rotação soja-arroz irrigado, em terras baixas no Sul do Brasil. No entanto, existem poucas informações consistentes sobre a dinâmica ambiental de S-metolachlor em terras baixas. Nesse contexto, esta revisão teve por objetivo descrever os principais processos de transporte e dissipação de S-metolachlor, visando otimizar o manejo de plantas daninhas na rotação soja-arroz irrigado e mitigar a contaminação ambiental de terras baixas.

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Lixiviação de imazethapyr + imazapic em função do manejo ... RESUMO -Os herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de arroz irrigado são persistentes e móveis no solo, portanto práticas de manejo podem influenciar na sua dinâmica no ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de três manejos de irrigação da cultura do arroz na lixiviação da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic, em solo de várzea. O experimento consistiu de um ensaio de campo seguido de um bioensaio. As coletas de amostras de solo foram feitas por meio da retirada de monolitos em áreas submetidas aos diferentes manejos de irrigação do experimento de campo. As amostras foram seccionadas em intervalos de 5 cm, até a profundidade de 30 cm. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos manejos de irrigação por inundação contínua, intermitente e por banhos (fator A) e pelas profundidades do solo de 0 a 30 cm (fator B). Foi efetuada a comparação do crescimento de plantas de arroz não tolerantes aos herbicidas, cultivadas em solo submetido aos manejos de irrigação, com o crescimento das plantas em solo com quantidade conhecida dos herbicidas. A irrigação promoveu movimento vertical do herbicida, porém a diferença entre os manejos de irrigação apenas foi observada na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm), com menores concentrações na irrigação por banhos. A mistura formulada do herbicida concentrou-se na camada de 5-20 cm de profundidade aos 134 dias após a aplicação.Palavras-chave: bioensaio, estatura de plantas, intoxicação, irrigação intermitente.ABSTRACT -The herbicides used in Clearfield™ rice technology are persistent and mobile in soil, and thus, management practices can affect its dynamics. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different rice irrigation managements on leaching of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in lowland soil. This study consisted of a field experiment followed by bioassay. The bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Department of Biology of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2009. Soil samples were collected from a field experiment submitted to different rice irrigation managements. These samples were sliced at 5 cm intervals up to 30 cm in depth. The treatments included three irrigation managements: continuous flooding, intermittent flooding and flush (factor A) and soil depth of 5 cm intervals, from 0 to 30 cm (factor B). The bioassay compared the growth of non-tolerant rice plants grown in soil subjected to the treatments described above, with the plants grown in soil with a known amount of herbicides. Irrigation promotes vertical movement of the herbicide, but the difference between irrigation management is only observed in the topsoil (0-5 cm), with flush being the treatment with the lower amounts of herbicide at this depth. The herbicide is concentrated at 5-20 cm depth, 134 days after the product is applied in lowland soil.

Red rice is one of the major troublesome and difficult weeds to control in rice production regions. The introduction of the Clearfield ® technology allowed producers to control red rice using rice genotypes tolerant to the imidazolinone herbicides. However, because the consecutive use of this technology red rice biotypes have evolved resistance to imidazolinone herbicides, the rice-soybean rotation has been an alternative used by producers to control this weed. This system allows the use of herbicides with different modes of action to control red rice, such as S-metolachlor. Thus, greenhouse and field experiments were carried out during the 2011 to 2012 and 2012 to 2013 growing seasons to evaluate: 1) sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice to S-metolachlor; 2) red rice control and soybean tolerance in response to associations of S-metolachlor and glyphosate. In greenhouse, S-metolachlor effectively controlled both susceptible and imidazolinone-resistant red rice in preemergence. In field, preemergence applications of S-metolachlor provided greater red rice control in comparison to S-metolachlor alone in early postemergence. The association of S-metolachlor with glyphosate did not improve red rice control in preemergence application. However, association of S-metolachlor with glyphosate significantly improved red rice control in early postemergence applications. S-metolachlor injury to soybean increased with early postemergence applications. These results indicate that S-metolachlor effectively control imidazolinone-resistant red rice in rice-soybean rotation.

Sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa L.) to glyphosate and glufosinate.Ciência Rural, v.45, n.9, set, 2015.