Lixiviação de imazethapyr + imazapic em função do manejo ... RESUMO -Os herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de arroz irrigado são persistentes e móveis no solo, portanto práticas de manejo podem influenciar na sua dinâmica no ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de três manejos de irrigação da cultura do arroz na lixiviação da mistura formulada dos herbicidas imazethapyr e imazapic, em solo de várzea. O experimento consistiu de um ensaio de campo seguido de um bioensaio. As coletas de amostras de solo foram feitas por meio da retirada de monolitos em áreas submetidas aos diferentes manejos de irrigação do experimento de campo. As amostras foram seccionadas em intervalos de 5 cm, até a profundidade de 30 cm. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos manejos de irrigação por inundação contínua, intermitente e por banhos (fator A) e pelas profundidades do solo de 0 a 30 cm (fator B). Foi efetuada a comparação do crescimento de plantas de arroz não tolerantes aos herbicidas, cultivadas em solo submetido aos manejos de irrigação, com o crescimento das plantas em solo com quantidade conhecida dos herbicidas. A irrigação promoveu movimento vertical do herbicida, porém a diferença entre os manejos de irrigação apenas foi observada na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm), com menores concentrações na irrigação por banhos. A mistura formulada do herbicida concentrou-se na camada de 5-20 cm de profundidade aos 134 dias após a aplicação.Palavras-chave: bioensaio, estatura de plantas, intoxicação, irrigação intermitente.ABSTRACT -The herbicides used in Clearfield™ rice technology are persistent and mobile in soil, and thus, management practices can affect its dynamics. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different rice irrigation managements on leaching of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazethapyr and imazapic in lowland soil. This study consisted of a field experiment followed by bioassay. The bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Department of Biology of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria in 2009. Soil samples were collected from a field experiment submitted to different rice irrigation managements. These samples were sliced at 5 cm intervals up to 30 cm in depth. The treatments included three irrigation managements: continuous flooding, intermittent flooding and flush (factor A) and soil depth of 5 cm intervals, from 0 to 30 cm (factor B). The bioassay compared the growth of non-tolerant rice plants grown in soil subjected to the treatments described above, with the plants grown in soil with a known amount of herbicides. Irrigation promotes vertical movement of the herbicide, but the difference between irrigation management is only observed in the topsoil (0-5 cm), with flush being the treatment with the lower amounts of herbicide at this depth. The herbicide is concentrated at 5-20 cm depth, 134 days after the product is applied in lowland soil.
-The use of plants to decontaminate water and soil contaminated with both organic and inorganic pollutants is a promising technology for sustainable agriculture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of plant species in the remediation of formulated mixtures of imazethapyr and imazapic, using the irrigated rice cultivar IRGA 417 as bioindicator. The treatments consisted of the combination of 13 plant species with seven rates of a formulated mixture of imazethapyr and Imazapic (75+25 g e.a. L -1 respectively): 0, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 and 4000 mL ha -1. To evaluate the potential for phytoremediation in these species, symptoms of injury and plant height were measured in rice plants at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after emergence and shoot dry weight at 28 days after emergence. Glycine max, Lolium multiflorum and Lotus corniculatus are potentially promising species in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicide imazethapyr and imazapic (up to 4000 mL ha -1 ), due to being more adapted to hydromorphic environments, which is a feature found in soils cultivated with irrigated rice. Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Stizolobium aterrimum, Vicia sativa, Raphanus sativus and Triticum aestivum are species capable of the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with imazethapyr + imazapic, however the occurrence of anoxia in hydromorphic soils reduce the establishment and development of these plants.Key words: Rice. Phytoremediation. Soil decontamination.RESUMO -O uso de plantas para descontaminar água e solo contaminados com poluentes orgânicos e inorgânicos é uma tecnologia promissora para a agricultura sustentável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação da mistura formulada de imazetapir + imazapique, utilizando a cultivar de arroz irrigado IRGA 417 como planta bioindicadora. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre 13 espécies vegetais e sete doses da mistura formulada de imazetapir + imazapique (75 + 25 g e.a. L -1 , respectivamente): zero, 200; 300; 400; 500; 1.000 e 4.000 mL ha -1 . Para a avaliação do pontecial fitorremediador dessas espécies foram avaliadas a altura e sintomas de fitointoxicação nas plantas de arroz irrigado, aos 7; 14; 21 e 28 dias após a emergência, e massa seca da parte aérea aos 28 dias após a emergência. Glycine max, Lolium multiflorum e Lotus corniculatus por serem mais adaptadas a ambientes hidromórficos, característica essa encontrada em solos cultivados com arroz irrigado, são espécies potencialmente promissoras em fitorremediar solos contaminados com o herbicida imazetapir + imazapique (até 4.000 mL ha -1 ). Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Stizolobium aterrimum, Vicia sativa, Raphanus sativus e Triticum aestivum são espécies capazes de fitorremediar solos contaminados com imazetapir + imazapique, porém a ocorrência de anoxia em solos hidromórficos dificultam o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento das plantas.Palavras-chave: Arroz. Fitorremediação. Descontaminação de solo. *Autor ...
Phytoremediation is an alternative technique used to treat copper-contaminated soils. The objective of this research was to explore the behavior of nine summer cover crops regarding the growth, absorption and translocation of copper in soils with contamination levels exceeding the Value of Prevention, with a view to selecting plants for phytoremediation programs. In the experiments the Cambisol was contaminated with copper, added in doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, 500 and 600mg kg-1, in which the following nine plants were cultivated under greenhouse conditions: Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablad, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum and Paspalum notatum. At 90 days after sowing the plants were evaluated for dry mass of shoot and root, Cu, N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe levels in the shoot and Cu in the roots. High soil Cu levels induced a decline in the phosphorus absorption by the plants. Canavalia ensiformis displayed high potential for phytoextraction as these plants could translocate high copper concentrations to the aerial plant parts, while the Mucuna cinereum and M. aterrima are indicated for the copper phytostabilization programs, due to the high copper accumulation in their root systems.
RESUMO A fi toestimulação é uma das técnicas de fi torremediação que pode ser utilizada para a redução da concentração dos herbicidas no solo. Para tanto é necessário a seleção de plantas que estimulem a atividade dos microrganismos
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