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A variety of adsorbates have been combined with TiO2 to form surface complexes that enable the absorption of visible light through a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process. However, proteins have not been investigated as a complex ligand for the LMCT sensitization of TiO2. In this study, we employed albumin as a model protein and investigated an albumin/TiO2 LMCT complex for visible light photocatalysis. We confirmed the surface adsorption of albumin on TiO2 using various analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zeta-potential analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The LMCT process occurs between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of albumin to the conduction band of TiO2. The surface complex of albumin and TiO2 induced significant reductive conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and production of H2O2 from O2 reduction under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). In contrast, surface fluorination of TiO2 (F-TiO2) hindered the complex formation with albumin, which markedly decreased the visible light reactivity. We also confirmed that reaction parameters such as the mass ratio of albumin to TiO2, irradiation wavelengths, initial pH, and temperature considerably influenced the activity of the albumin/TiO2 complex.

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Purpose: Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy are preceded by respiratory or enteric infection, whose pathogens can be detected more easily with advanced tools. However, studies for pathogens in Korea remain scarce. We investigated the clinical characteristics and pathogens in childhood encephalitis and encephalopathy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children with acute encephalitis and encephalopathy admitted to our hospital between March 2013 and February 2017. Results: The 51 included patients were aged 5.8±4.4 years (mean±standard deviation), comprising 36 with encephalitis (70.6%) and 15 with encephalopathy (29.4%). Respiratory symptoms (62.7%) were more common than enteric symptoms (45.1%). Brain MRI was abnormal in 54.9%, and leu-kocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid was noted in 41.2%. The prevalence of diseases was highest in winter (29.4%). In encephalitis, eight patients had infective encephalitis (15.7%), comprising enterovirus (N=4), Epstein-Barr virus (N=3; one with HHV6 coinfection), and tsutsugamushi infection (N=1). The 11 patients with ADEM included 1each with adenovirus, influenza A, and mycoplasmal infection. One patient with Bickerstaffbrainstem encephalitis had mycoplasmal pneumonia. In the 15 patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology, rhinovirus (N=3), influenza A (N=2), adenovirus (N=1), and mycoplasmal infection (N=6) were found. In the encephalopa-thy group, three patients had abnormal brain MRI: ANE with influenza A, AESD with exanthem subitum, and norovirus-associated MERS. In the remaining 12 patients, influenza A (N=2), ade-novirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus (N=1 for each virus), and mycoplasmal infection (N=4) were found. Conclusion: Acute childhood encephalitis and encephalopathy were the most prevalent in winter and were frequently associated with respiratory infections.