Field-assisted sintering technology/Spark plasma sintering is a low voltage, direct current (DC) pulsed current activated, pressure-assisted sintering, and synthesis technique, which has been widely applied for materials processing in the recent years. After a description of its working principles and historical background, mechanical, thermal, electrical effects in FAST/SPS are presented along with the role of atmosphere. A selection of successful materials development including refractory materials, nanocrystalline functional ceramics, graded, and non-equilibrium materials is then discussed. Finally, technological aspects (advanced tool concepts, temperature measurement, finite element simulations) are covered.

In recent years, the substantially improved performance of thermoelectric (TE) materials has attracted considerable interest in studying the potential applications of the TE technique. Serving as the bridge between TE materials and applicable TE products, TE devices must be properly designed, engineered, and assembled to meet the required performance of TE products for cooling (thermoelectric cooler) and power generation (thermoelectric generator). The principle feasibility of the TE technique has been demonstrated using a variety of different materials and processing technologies, and many different architectures of TE devices have been successfully realized. This review discusses the architectures of TE devices, including bulk and thin‐film TE devices, TE devices with flexible designs, pn‐junction‐based TE devices that provide robust solutions for high operation temperatures, and the meta‐material‐based transverse TE devices. In addition, the assembly of TE devices involves contact layers on which the reliability of TE devices depends. Thus solutions to contact issues, including bonding strength, contact resistance, and thermomechanical stress, are also reviewed.

Thermoelectric technology converts heat into electricity directly and is a promising source of clean electricity. Commercial thermoelectric modules have relied on Bi2Te3-based compounds because of their unparalleled thermoelectric properties at temperatures associated with low-grade heat (<550 K). However, the scarcity of elemental Te greatly limits the applicability of such modules. Here we report the performance of thermoelectric modules assembled from Bi2Te3-substitute compounds, including p-type MgAgSb and n-type Mg3(Sb,Bi)2, by using a simple, versatile, and thus scalable processing routine. For a temperature difference of ~250 K, whereas a single-stage module displayed a conversion efficiency of ~6.5%, a module using segmented n-type legs displayed a record efficiency of ~7.0% that is comparable to the state-of-the-art Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric modules. Our work demonstrates the feasibility and scalability of high-performance thermoelectric modules based on sustainable elements for recovering low-grade heat.

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