An ad-hoc wireless sensor network-based system is presented that detects and accurately locates shooters even in urban environments. The system consists of a large number of cheap sensors communicating through an ad-hoc wireless network, thus it is capable of tolerating multiple sensor failures, provides good coverage and high accuracy, and is capable of overcoming multipath effects. The performance of the proposed system is superior to that of centralized countersniper systems in such challenging environment as dense urban terrain. In this paper, in addition to the overall system architecture, the acoustic signal detection, the most important middleware services and the unique sensor fusion algorithm are also presented. The system performance is analyzed using real measurement data obtained at a US Army MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) facility.

An ad-hoc wireless sensor network-based system is presented that detects and accurately locates shooters even in urban environments. The localization accuracy of the system in open terrain is competitive with that of existing centralized countersniper systems. However, the presented sensor network-based solution surpasses the traditional approach because it can mitigate acoustic multipath effects prevalent in urban areas and it can also resolve multiple simultaneous shots. These unique characteristics of the system are made possible by employing novel sensor fusion techniques that utilize the spatial and temporal diversity of multiple detections. In this article, in addition to the overall system architecture, the middleware services and the unique sensor fusion algorithms are described. An analysis of the experimental data gathered during field trials at US military facilities is also presented.

Neutrophil (PMNL) function is influenced by factors released by other immune cells during the course of the immune response. We investigated the effect of neutrophil cell density and the effect of supernatant of the phagocytosis assay on the phagocytosis activity of PMNLs. The measurements were carried out with naive (control) PMNLs of healthy donors and with PMNLs obtained from patients with severe tissue injury. Phagocytosis index (FI) of PMNLs was determined at cell densities of 7.5x10 5 /ml and 15x10 5 /ml. E. coli phagocytosis of heparinized whole blood from healthy donors and patients with severe tissue injury was measured and evaluated at three different cell densities (normal, half, and double densities) by flow cytometry. Supernatants of phagocytosis assays of either control or trauma (ISS >18) patient PMNLs were added to the assay suspensions of control and trauma PMNLs. An increase in cell density of healthy donor PMNLs increased yeast phagocytic activity. In cases of tissue injury, PMNLs showed increased phagocytic activity at lower cell densities. E. coli phagocytosis was increased with the increase of cell density, and tissue injury PMNLs were more active at each cell concentration compared to naive cells. Polytrauma supernatants in most cases inhibited, while healthy supernatants mostly increased the yeast phagocytosis of healthy and trauma PMNLs. These results reinforce the idea that primed PMNLs in the presence of microbial agents produce factor(s) which inhibit some of the cell's antimicrobial functions contributing to immunedysfunction, while unprimed PMNLs produce factor(s) which facilitate antimicrobial countermeasure. These results also demonstrate that reduced phagocytosis of tissue injury primed PMNLs is not due to cytoskeletal changes but to the humoral environment.

Abstract-In model-based development, verification techniques can be used to check whether an abstract model satisfies a set of properties. Ideally, implementation code generated from these models can also be verified against similar properties. However, the distance between the property specification languages and the implementation makes verifying such generated code difficult. Optimizations and renamings can blur the correspondence between the two, further increasing the difficulty of specifying verification properties on the generated code. This paper describes methods for specifying verification properties on abstract models that are then checked on implementation level code. These properties are translated by an extended code generator into implementation code and special annotations that are used by a software model checker.