Recebido em 6/5/11; aceito em 1/11/11; publicado na web em 4/1/12 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GELS PRODUCED BY THE DIAZOTROPHIC BACTERIA Rhizobium tropici AND Mesorhizobium sp. The exopolysaccharides with characteristics of gel produced by Rhizobium tropici (EPS RT) and Mesorhizobium sp (EPS MR) are acidic heteropolysaccharide composed mainly of glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 4:1 and 5:1 respectively, with traces of mannose (~ 1%). Chemical analysis showed the presence of uronic acid, pyruvate and acetyl-substituents in the structures of both polymers. Experiments of gel permeation chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that EPS RT and EPS MR are homogeneous molecules with low grade of polydispersity. The EPS were characterized using spectroscopic techniques of FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C-NMR.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses were performed to investigate changes in the physico-chemical properties of botryosphaerans, a family of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by the fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 grown on glucose (EPSGLC), sucrose (EPSSUC) and fructose (EPSFRU). A slight endothermic transition and small mass loss attributable to the removal of water of hydration were observed in the DSC and TG analyses, respectively, for the three EPS samples. The FT-IR spectra confirmed no structural changes occurred during thermal treatment. Viscometry was utilized to obtain information on the rheological behaviour of the EPS in aqueous solutions. The Power Law and Cross Equations determined the natural pseudoplastic characteristics of the EPS. Comparatively, results obtained for EPS produced when B. rhodina MAMB-05 was grown on each of the three carbohydrate sources demonstrated similar apparent viscosity values for EPSGLC and EPSSUC, while EPSFRU displayed the lowest apparent viscosity of the three botryosphaerans, suggesting a higher degree of ramification and lower Mw. EPSGLC and EPSSUC possessed similar degrees of ramification. The slight differences found in their viscosities can be explained by the differences in the type of branching among the three botryosphaerans, thus varying the strength of intermolecular interactions and consequently, consistency and viscosity. The physico-chemical studies of botryosphaerans represent the originality of this work, and the knowledge of these properties is an important criterion for potential applications.
Recebido em 21/7/09; aceito em 8/12/09; publicado na web em 26/3/10 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND EFFECT OF THE SALT ADDITION ON THE EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES VISCOSITY PRODUCED BY BACTERIA OF Rhizobium GENUS. Viscosity of some polysaccharide solutions supports that these molecules can be applied in food sectors. Four exopolysaccharides (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 ) produced by different Rhizobium strains were selected. Sugar composition and differences in the uronic acid contents suggests that chemical structure of these molecules can vary when different culture conditions and strains are analyzed. The Power Law was the rheological model used to represent the experimental data of shear stress versus shear rate. All exopolysaccharides showed non-Newtonian behavior, with pseudoplastic characteristics. R 1 , R 2 and R 4 showed a slight increase in viscosity in the presence of 0,2 M NaCl.Keywords: rheological behaviour; exopolysaccharides from Rhizobium; pseudoplastic solution. INTRODUÇÃOHá na natureza plantas e micro-organismos que secretam políme-ros, denominados exopolissacarídeos (EPS), que podem ser classificados como homo-e heteropolissacarídeos. Os primeiros são, geralmente, glucanas neutras, enquanto os heteropolissacarídeos são, em sua grande maioria, polianiônicos devido à presença de ácido urônico.Os EPS microbianos são considerados substitutos ideais para polissacarídeos de plantas, pois uma vez estabelecidas as melhores condições de cultivo as moléculas produzidas apresentam caracterís-ticas químicas e físicas constantes e, geralmente, superiores às gomas naturais.1 A aplicação desses biopolímeros em diferentes setores industriais, tais como alimentício e farmacêutico, 2 deve-se ao fato de alterarem as propriedades físicas do meio onde se encontram, seja por conferirem alta viscosidade às soluções ou por criarem redes intermoleculares coesivas. Na indústria de alimentos podem ser utilizados como espessantes, estabilizantes, emulsificantes, coagulantes, formadores de filmes, gelificantes, agentes de suspensão e dispersantes. As características físico-químicas dos polissacarídeos dependem da sequência em que os açúcares estão dispostos na molécula, da presença de resíduos iônicos e da forma como as cadeias se entrelaçam.2 A solubilidade dos polímeros tende a ser maior quando grupos ácidos ionizáveis estão presentes na molécula. Soluções aquosas de polissacarídeos contendo sais inorgânicos podem ter suas viscosidades modificadas e, por esta razão, os estudos reológicos normalmente investigam o comportamento dos biopolímeros em tais condições. 4 Polissacarídeos microbianos, tais como xantana, gelana, alginatos, celulose bacteriana, ácido hialurônico e succinoglucanos, já são aplicados nas indústrias de alimentos, química e farmacêutica. 1,5A aplicação da goma xantana na indústria de alimentos deve-se principalmente ao seu comportamento não-Newtoniano e formação de soluções pseudoplásticas a baixas concentrações; 6 essas características reológicas são dependentes da concentração do polímero e da presença de eletrólitos em...
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