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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with altered metabolism and increased energy expenditure, this energy requirement increases significantly as the HIV disease progresses. This study aimed on the use of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as an index of energy utilization, storage and energy balance in HIV infected individuals. This is a longitudinal, prospective, case-controlled study involving seventy seven (77) HIV Sero-positive individuals newly diagnosed attending retroviral disease treatment centre of Nnamdi Azikiwe University University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) aged 18-60 years both male and female not on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), were enrolled in the study as test subjects and thirty six (36) apparently healthy HIV Sero-negative individuals both male and female as control subjects. ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while, total Energy Balance was determined by calculation. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software application (version 21.0) and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The plasma ATP and GTP were significantly lower (P<0.05) in both HIV pre-treatment and post-treatment group compared with control group. Meanwhile, the plasma level of ADP and AMP were significantly lower (P<0.05) in HIV post-treatment group compared   with HIV pre-treatment and control group. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) in ATP, ADP, AMP and GTP level between HIV pre-treatment and post-treatment group. Meanwhile, the energy balance was lower (P<0.05) in HIV groups compared with control group. However, the energy balance in HIV post-treatment group was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to HIV pre- treatment group. In conclusion, the significant changes in the biochemical parameters measured suggest altered metabolism, increased energy expenditure and energy deficit/negative energy balance in HIV subjects resulting from increased energy expenditure. Hence, High energy molecules such ATP, ADP, GTP and AMP can be used to predict early energy deficit and manage energy imbalance in HIV infected individuals.

The objective of disease surveillance and response is to improve the flow of information to monitor the spread of Infectious diseases, evaluate the effectiveness of control and preventive measures. This study assessed surveillance actors' knowledge and capacity to access and utilize relevant evidence from COVID-19 response data. The study was carried out in Anambra State. We adopted a pre-test and post-test design for the study. The population included all the surveillance actors in Anambra state, and the sample was 32 surveillance actors drawn from 42 initial invited actors via accidental sampling. Demographic data and pre-test were administered before the one-day intensive training. After the training, a post-test was administered. Data collected were analyzed using means and standard deviations, and the Chi-square test was used to determine relationships between categorical variables. The study results revealed that there is an increase in the mean of knowledge and capacity amongst the respondents. The findings of this study suggest that ICT competence relevant to data analysis and translating data into Evidence-Informed Decision making (EIDM) can be enhanced through training workshops. This study recommends a conscious effort to institutionalize training, capacity building, and mentoring for knowledge sharing and sustainability of EIDM.