Patients younger than 30 days showed increased mortality and recoarctation risk. Waldhausen's technique in patients older than 30 days showed effective. The classic termino-terminal technique did not show to be a good option in all age ranges, being imperative to carry out more radical technical variations, such as the extended termino-terminal.

Mitral valve repair may be performed without ring support with advantages related to results and complications. The objective of this study was to analyze the long-term clinical results following surgical repair and reconstruction without the use of rings in cases of congenital mitral lesions in children less than 12 years of age. Twenty-one patients who had undergone surgery during the period from 1975 to 1998 were evaluated. The mean age was 4.6 +/- 3.4 years. Females represented 47.6% of the total. Mitral regurgitation was present in 57.1% (12 patients), stenosis in 28.6% (6 patients), and the mixed lesion group represented 14.3% (3 patients). Perfusion time was 43.1 +/- 9.5 minutes and ischemic time 29.4 +/- 10.5 minutes. Follow-up time was 41.5 +/- 53.6 months for the regurgitation group, 46.3 +/- 32.0 months for the stenosis group, and 39.41 +/- 37.51 months for the mixed lesion group. Echocardiographical follow-up time was 37.17 +/- 39.51 months for the regurgitation group, 42.61 +/- 30.59 months for the stenosis group, and 39.41 +/- 37.51 months for the mixed lesion group. Operative mortality was 9.5% (two cases). There were no late deaths. In the regurgitation group, 10 patients (83.3%) were asymptomatic (p = 0.004). In the echocardiographical follow-up, most of the patients had minimal regurgitation. In the clinical follow-up of the stenosis group all patients were in functional class I (NYHA). The mean transvalvular gradient measured by echocardiography was from 8 to 12 mmHg with a mean gradient of 10.7 mmHg. In the mixed lesion group there was one reoperation at postoperative month 43. There were no cases of endocarditis or thromboembolism. Mitral valve repair in congenital lesions is associated with good late results. The majority of cases in the regurgitation group remain asymptomatic and do not require reoperation. Rings or annular support are not necessary in such cases. Satisfactory repair is more difficult to achieve in cases of mitral stenosis due to valvular abnormalities and the seriousness of the associated lesions.

The process of angiogenesis involves a complex sequence of stimuli and integrated responses, such as stimulation of endothelial cells (ECs) for their proliferation and migration, stimulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for the attraction of pericytes and macrophages, stimulation of smooth muscle cells for their proliferation and migration, and formation of new vascular structures. Angiogenesis is mainly an adaptive response to tissue hypoxia and depends on the accumulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) in the ischemic myocardial area, which increases the transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors VEGF-R by the ECs undergoing ischemia. Those steps involve enzymatic mechanisms and plasminogen activator proteases, metalloproteinases (MMP) of the ECM, and kinases that cause proteolytic molecular degradation of the ECM and activation and release of growth factors, such as: basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), VEGF, and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). In the intermediate phase, stabilization of the immature neovascular sprout occurs. The final phase is characterized by vascular maturation of the physiological angiogenesis. In conclusion, coronary angiogenesis in adults is fundamentally a paracrine response of the preexisting capillary network under pathophysiological condition of ischemia and inflammation.

Fundamento: Malformações congênitas da valva mitral são lesões complexas. Em crianças e adolescentes, os anéis protéticos devem ser evitados. Desde 1975 não usamos anéis protéticos, empregando-se a técnica de Wooler nas anuloplastias. Objetivo: Análise da evolução clínica tardia após o tratamento cirúrgico das anomalias mitrais congênitas, com e sem malformações associadas, em crianças até 12 anos de idade, tratadas com técnicas reparadoras e reconstrutivas sem suporte anelar. Casuística e Métodos: Foram avaliados 21 pacientes operados entre 1975 e 1998. A média de idade foi de 4,67 ± 3,44 anos; sexo feminino em 47,6%; a insuficiência esteve presente em 57,1% (12 casos), estenose em 28,6% (6 casos) e dupla lesão em 14,3% (3 casos). O tempo de perfusão foi 43,10 ± 9,50 min; tempo de isquemia 29,40 ± 10,50 min. O seguimento clínico na insuficiência foi feito em 12 pacientes com média de 41,52 ± 53,61 meses; no grupo de estenose em 4 pacientes com média de 46,39 ± 32,02 meses. Resultados: No grupo de insuficiência 10 pacientes estavam assintomáticos. Controle ecocardiográfico em 9 pacientes, (seguimento 37,17 ± 39,51 meses) 6 pacientes apresentaram refluxo leve, 1 ausência de refluxo e 2 com refluxo moderado; 1 paciente foi reoperado aos 48 m após a primeira operação, sendo feita nova plastia. No grupo da estenose, 4 pacientes, todos assintomáticos, sendo 2 sem medicação, com seguimento ecocardiográfico, média 42,61 ± 30,59 meses, gradiente médio entre 8 e 12 mmHg. No grupo de dupla lesão, 1 paciente foi reoperado para implante de bioprótese aos 43 meses da primeira operação, 1 paciente aos 75 meses da operação encontrava-se em classe funcional II e a ecocardiografia mostrou estenose e insuficiência leve. Não foram relatados episódios de endocardite nem tromboembolismo. A mortalidade operatória foi de 9,5% (2 casos). Não houve mortalidade tardia. Conclusões: a estenose mitral apresenta maiores dificuldades de correção, pelas anormalidades valvares e pela gravidade de lesões associadas. A correção da insuficiência sem suporte anelar apresenta bons resultados a longo prazo.
Background: Congenital mitral valve disease is associated with complex deformities of mitral apparatus. Annular support should be avoided in children and adolescents. Since 1975 we have employed non-supported techniques for mitral repair. Objective: This paper presents long term clinical results for repair in congenital mitral valve disease in children under 12 years of age. Patients and Methods: This series comprises 21 patients operated from 1995 to 1998. Mean age 4.6 ± 3.4 years. Female sex 47.6% mitral regurgitation in 57.1% (12 pt), stenosis 28.6% (6 pt) and mixed lesion 14.3% (3 pt). Perfusion time was 43.1 ± 9.5 min and ischemic time 29.4 ± 10.5 min. Follow-up time was 41.5 ± 53.6 months for the regurgitation group (12 pt) and 46.3 ± 32.0 months for the stenosis group (4 pt followed). Results: Operative mortality was 9.5% (2 cases), both in the stenosis group. There was no late death. In the regurgitation group, 10 pt (83.3%) were assympt...

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