There has been a considerable increase in the number of academic leagues active within undergraduate medical courses in Brazil over the last few years. However, this phenomenon has not been accompanied by adequate reflection on its determinants, on the role of the leagues within the institutions or even on their pedagogical function. From these observations, the authors analyze the scant literature on this topic, describe the experience of the academic leagues of Botucatu Medical School, Unesp, and reflect on the role of these leagues in medical training, in an attempt to partially fill this gap and contribute towards this important discussion.Key words: Academic leagues. Medical education. Extracurricular activities. RESUMONos últimos anos tem havido um considerável aumento do número de ligas acadêmicas atuantes nos cursos de graduação em medicina no Brasil. Esse fenômeno, no entanto, não vem sendo acompanhado de adequada reflexão sobre seus determinantes, o papel das ligas dentro das instituições, ou mesmo sua função pedagógica. A partir destas constatações, os autores analisam a precária literatura sobre o tema, descrevem a experiência das ligas acadêmicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu -Unesp e refletem a respeito do papel destas na formação médica, na tentativa de suprir um pouco dessa lacuna e contribuir para esta importante discussão.Palavras-chave: Ligas acadêmicas. Educação médica. Atividades extracurriculares. RESUMENEn los últimos años ha habido un considerable aumento del número de ligas académicas actuantes en los cursos de graduación en medicina en Brasil. Este fenómeno, no obstante, no está siendo acompañado de adecuada reflexión sobre sus determinantes, el papel de las ligas dentro de las instituciones o incluso su función pedagógica. A partir de tales constataciones, los autores analizan la precaria literatura sobre el tema, describen la experiencia de las ligas académicas de la Facultad de Medicina de Botucatu, de la Universidad del estado de São Paulo, Brasil y reflexionan sobre el papel de las ligas en la formación médica: en la tentativa de suplir un poco este vacío y contribuir para tan importante discusión.Palabras clave: Ligas acadêmicas. Educación médica. Actividades extracurriculares.

This paper presents a calibration method for the speed-flow model of the HCM 2016 for freeways and multilane highways allied to temporal analysis of traffic stream. The proposed method was developed using a sample of more than one million observations collected by 23 traffic sensors on four highways in the state of São Paulo. The method is structured on Bayesian inference and provided for each model parameters a probability distribution function. The free-flow speed and capacity presented a probability density function that approximates a Normal distribution. The segment in which the speed of traffic stream remain constant with the increase of the traffic flow is lower than described in HCM 2016, being in some cases close to zero. Along with the proposed calibration method an analysis of temporal variation is performed which shows a significant variation in traffic behavior for different periods. The free-flow speed, capacity and breakpoint distributions obtained through monthly and annual calibration were considered equal by means of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, different for the model calibration coefficient.

Estudo dos impactos provocados por microrganismos no rendimento da fermentação alcoólica Study of impacts caused by microorganisms on the yield of alcoholic fermentation