A new concern about surface water quality is the occurrence of emerging contaminants that have being recognized as a new class of water contaminants such as antibiotics, hormones, pesticides, personal care products and pharmaceutical products. The occurrence of these contaminants in the aquatic environment and especially in surface water is a serious concern because this is usually the source of water for drinking water treatment plants (DWTP). This review provides a summary of the occurrence and the analytical methodology (extraction process, chromatography analysis, detection systems and ionization source) of emerging contaminant analysis in surface waters including rivers, lakes, creeks and wetlands for their analysis.

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<p>La seguridad hídrica debe ser el objetivo estratégico de la política del agua en México. Es respecto de este principio normativo que debe evaluarse la situación actual de los recursos hídricos, en calidad y cantidad, así como de la gestión del agua en práctica. En este texto se elabora un diagnóstico general de la seguridad hídrica en México, así como de los retos que enfrenta ahora y en el futuro cercano. Se analiza la disponibilidad y escasez con un enfoque territorial, así como la condición de los acuíferos, la calidad del agua superficial y subterránea y los usos del agua. Se abordan los principales desafíos para la seguridad hídrica y las tendencias en las fuerzas modeladoras más relevantes. Para atender la problemática descrita, se proponen acciones específicas y, como conclusión general, la necesidad de una reforma del agua en México.</p>

The reuse of treated wastewaters could contribute to reducing water stress. In this research, ultrasound application on bacterial inactivation in municipal wastewater (MWW) was evaluated. Total and fecal coliforms were used as standard fecal indicators; volatile suspended solids (VSS) were analyzed too. Samples were taken from the effluent of secondary clarifiers. In addition, inactivation tests were carried out on pure cultures of E. coli (EC) and B. subtilis (BS). Sonication was performed at 20 kHz, 35% amplitude and 600 W/L for 15, 30 and 45 min. After 15 min of sonication, bacterial density was reduced by 1.85 Log 10 MPN/100 mL for EC and 3.16 Log 10 CFU/mL for BS. After 30 min, no CFU/mL of BS were observed in MWW and, after 45 min, the reduction of total and fecal coliforms was practically 6.45 Log 10 MPN/100mL. Inactivation mechanism was made by cavitation, which causes irreversible damage to the cell wall. Although high bacterial densities were employed, percentages of inactivation >99% were reached at 45 min. This research contributes to the implementation of ultrasound as a disinfection technique with high potential due to its high efficiency without producing byproducts. In fact, the water meets the guidelines for reuse in direct human contact services.

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