Recent evidence suggests that herbivoryinduced stomatal changes play important roles in mediating interactions among plants, herbivores, pathogens, and the environment.
En el sureste de México, norte de Guatemala y noreste de Belice se encuentra la Selva Maya, un bosque trinacional considerado el macizo forestal tropical más extenso en Mesoamérica, con más de 30,000 km2 bajo alguna categoría de protección. En la Selva Maya el agua se acumula en pequeños reservorios conocidos como “aguadas”. Se ha documentado que las aguadas son esenciales para la conservación de varias especies de fauna en peligro de extinción, por ejemplo, los jaguares, tapires, pecaríes labios blancos, y zopilote rey que son sus visitantes asiduos. En 2015, investigadores de fauna silvestre de México y Guatemala decidieron de manera informal crear un grupo internacional para compartir datos que ayudaran a monitorear las aguadas y su fauna a nivel de toda la Selva Maya. En 2016, gracias al proyecto “Fomento del Monitoreo de Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático en la Selva Maya” de la Cooperación Técnica Alemana - GIZ, se incluyó a Belice para conjuntar los esfuerzos de fototrampeo en cuerpos de agua entre instituciones de los tres países que conforman la Selva Maya. Desde 2018 se ha generado información más completa y robusta que ha permitido la conservación de los cuerpos de agua y su fauna silvestre asociada en los tres países. En el 2022, el grupo internacional de monitoreo de aguadas de la Selva Maya sigue vivo y trabajando dinámicamente para la conservación de las aguadas y su fauna asociada. Dentro de los principales logros se tiene un protocolo para compartir datos que luego se traduce en un reporte anual compartido entre todos los involucrados. Cada año se realizan seminarios o talleres para hacer llegar la información a tomadores de decisiones de los tres países, miembros de comunidades, personal del gobierno, y académicos relacionados.
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an isoprenoid-derived plant signaling molecule involved in a wide variety of plant processes, including facets of growth and development as well as responses to abiotic and biotic stress. ABA had previously been reported in a wide variety of animals, including insects and humans. We used high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(ESI)-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of ABA in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all insect orders with species known to induce plant galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found ABA in insect species in all six orders, in both gall-inducing and non-gall-inducing species, with no tendency for gall-inducing insects to have higher concentrations. The concentrations of ABA in insects often markedly exceeded those typically found in plants, suggesting it is highly improbable that insects obtain all their ABA from their host plant via consumption and sequestration. As a follow-up, we used immunohistochemistry to determine that ABA localizes to the salivary glands in the larvae of the gall-inducing Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae). The high concentrations of ABA, combined with its localization to salivary glands, suggest that insects are synthesizing and secreting ABA to manipulate their host plants. The pervasiveness of ABA among both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects and our current knowledge of the role of ABA in plant processes suggest that insects are using ABA to manipulate source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation or to suppress host-plant defenses. ABA joins the triumvirate of phytohormones, along with cytokinins (CKs) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), that are abundant, widespread, and localized to glandular organs in insects and used to manipulate host plants.
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