Instructor Talk—noncontent language used by instructors in classrooms—is a recently defined and promising variable for better understanding classroom dynamics. Having previously characterized the Instructor Talk framework within the context of a single course, we present here our results surrounding the applicability of the Instructor Talk framework to noncontent language used by instructors in novel course contexts. We analyzed Instructor Talk in eight additional biology courses in their entirety and in 61 biology courses using an emergent sampling strategy. We observed widespread use of Instructor Talk with variation in the amount and category type used. The vast majority of Instructor Talk could be characterized using the originally published Instructor Talk framework, suggesting the robustness of this framework. Additionally, a new form of Instructor Talk—Negatively Phrased Instructor Talk, language that may discourage students or distract from the learning process—was detected in these novel course contexts. Finally, the emergent sampling strategy described here may allow investigation of Instructor Talk in even larger numbers of courses across institutions and disciplines. Given its widespread use, potential influence on students in learning environments, and ability to be sampled, Instructor Talk may be a key variable to consider in future research on teaching and learning in higher education.

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Active-learning pedagogies have been repeatedly demonstrated to produce superior learning gains with large effect sizes compared with lecture-based pedagogies. Shifting large numbers of college science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty to include any active learning in their teaching may retain and more effectively educate far more students than having a few faculty completely transform their teaching, but the extent to which STEM faculty are changing their teaching methods is unclear. Here, we describe the development and application of the machine-learning-derived algorithm Decibel Analysis for Research in Teaching (DART), which can analyze thousands of hours of STEM course audio recordings quickly, with minimal costs, and without need for human observers. DART analyzes the volume and variance of classroom recordings to predict the quantity of time spent on single voice (e.g., lecture), multiple voice (e.g., pair discussion), and no voice (e.g., clicker question thinking) activities. Applying DART to 1,486 recordings of class sessions from 67 courses, a total of 1,720 h of audio, revealed varied patterns of lecture (single voice) and nonlecture activity (multiple and no voice) use. We also found that there was significantly more use of multiple and no voice strategies in courses for STEM majors compared with courses for non-STEM majors, indicating that DART can be used to compare teaching strategies in different types of courses. Therefore, DART has the potential to systematically inventory the presence of active learning with ∼90% accuracy across thousands of courses in diverse settings with minimal effort.active learning | evidence-based teaching | science education | lecture | assessment C urrent college STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) teaching in the United States continues to be lecture-based and is relatively ineffective in promoting learning (1, 2). Undergraduate instructors continue to struggle to engage, effectively teach, and retain postsecondary students, both generally and particularly among women and students of color (3, 4). Federal analyses suggest that a 10% increase in retention of undergraduate STEM students could address anticipated STEM workforce shortfalls (5). Replacing the standard lecture format with more active teaching strategies has been shown to increase

The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) peptides regulate diverse physiological processes from reproduction to metabolism and molting in arthropods. In insects, the ion transport peptides (ITP), also members of the CHH family, have only been implicated in ion transport. In this study, we sequenced a nucleotide fragment spanning the conserved A1/A2 region of the putative CHH/ITP gene. This fragment was amplified from larval cDNA of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta and showed a high degree of sequence conservation with the same region from other insects and, to a lesser degree, with that of crustacean species, suggesting the presence of a Manduca-specific CHH/ITP mRNA (MasITP mRNA). CHH-like immunocytochemical analyses with two crustacean antisera (from Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus) identified the presence of CHH-like immunoreactivity in nervous tissue of all developmental stages, but not in the gut of M. sexta. Specifically, CHH-like peptides localized to paired type IA(2) neurosecretory cells of the pars lateralis of the brain (projecting ipsilaterallly to the corpora cardiaca-allata complex) and to neurosecretory cells and transverse nerves of the ventral nerve cord in larvae, pupae, and adults. The distribution of the putative MasITP peptide shifted during development in a manner consistent with metamorphic reorganization. A comparison of hemolymph equivalents of CHH detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with CHH-like immunoreactivity in transverse nerves provided evidence for the release of MasITP from the transverse nerves into the hemolymph at insect ecdysis. These data suggest the presence of an insect ITP in M. sexta and a role for this hormone during ecdysis.

A collaborative professional development program that engaged nearly 90% of faculty in a biology department in more than 40 hours of training on scientific teaching was instituted. Participating instructors integrated active learning in their courses, as shown through a variety of methods, and reported positive effects on teaching and departmental community.