This work reports on the microstructure of ethene/propene copolymers prepared in solution at
high polymerization temperature with single center catalytic systems. Three different organometallic complexes
were used as catalysts: a sterically hindered, highly regio- and stereo(iso)-specific metallocene, rac-[methylenebis(3-tert-butyl-1-indenyl)]zirconium dichloride [rac-H2C−(3-
t
BuInd)2ZrCl2], the prototypical poorly isospecific
hydrogenated metallocene without any substituent on the indenyl ligand, rac-ethylenebis(tetrahydroindenyl)zirconium dichloride [rac-(EBTHI)ZrCl2], and the so-called “constrained geometry” half-sandwich complex, {η:η5-([tert-butylamido)dimethylsilyl](2,3,4,5-tetramethyl-1-cyclopentadienyl)}titanium dichloride [Me2Si(Me4Cp)(NtBu)TiCl2]. Copolymers microstructure was assessed through 13C NMR analysis, and triad distribution data
were elaborated through a statistical method that allows one to determine the reactivity ratios of the comonomers,
r
1 and r
2. The product of reactivity ratios r
1
r
2 of ethene/propene copolymers prepared with any of the catalysts
increased to values higher than 1 when the copolymerization temperature was raised from 50 to 90 °C, thus
indicating a blocky nature of the copolymers. Such an increase is due to different causes. The sterically hindered
highly isospecific metallocene rac-CH2-(3-
t
Bu-Ind)2ZrCl2, which at 50 °C already tends to produce blocky
copolymers, increases its blockiness further on, mainly and surprisingly because of a remarkable r
2 increase.
With [rac-(EBTHI)ZrCl2], which at 50 °C tends to produce alternate copolymers, one observes a strong increase
of r
1. With [Me2Si(Me4Cp)(N
t
Bu)TiCl2] as well a remarkable increase of r
1 is obtained. Copolymerizations
promoted by rac-CH2-(3-
t
Bu-Ind)2ZrCl2 could be described by a second-order Markovian copolymerization
model: the relative reactivity of ethene with respect to propene was found to decrease moving from EE to PE,
to EP, and finally to PP as the last inserted monomeric units, and an inserted propene unit was thus found to
bring about a higher propene reactivity also when it was in the penultimate position.
A variety of 3-vinyl-substituted imidazo[1,5-a]indole derivatives were synthesized by intramolecular Pd-catalyzed cyclization of the title allenamides through either a domino carbopalladation/exo-cyclization process or a novel hydroamination reaction that proceeds smoothly under microwave irradiation. Both the observed pathways involve a π-allyl-palladium(II) complex arising from insertion of the allene group into a palladium(II) species, the latter being formed in situ by the intervention of an aryl iodide or of the N-H group. In both cases, the role of nucleophile is covered by the indole nitrogen.
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