A method has been developed for retrieval of wind velocity profiles from satellite sounder radiances using a neural network technique. Each wind velocity represents a mean value for a layer approximately centred at that standard height or pressure level. The neural network input vector includes sounder radiances from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), plus ancillary information such as latitude and longitude. A set of ‘co‐incident’ rawinsonde soundings provide the ‘truth’ data set. In the initial results root mean square errors for the standard levels from 850 to 300 hPa have about the same magnitude as those for current methods such as tracking of moisture features in GOES imagery. As with more traditional methods, the largest root mean square error occurs near the tropopause. Although the results to date appear highly promising, considerable further work is needed before we have an operationally capable technique. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society

A microgrid consists of electrical generation sources, energy storage assets, loads, and the ability to function independently, or connect and share power with other electrical grids. Thefocus of this work is on the behavior of a microgrid, with both diesel generator and photovoltaic resources, whose heating or cooling loads are influenced by local meteorological conditions. Themicrogrid's fuel consumption and energy storage requirement were then examined as a function of the atmospheric conditions used by its energy management strategy (EMS). A fuel-optimal EMS, able to exploit meteorological forecasts, was developed and evaluated using a hybrid microgrid simulation. Weather forecast update periods ranged from 15 min to 24 h. Four representative meteorological sky classifications (clear, partly cloudy, overcast, or monsoon) were considered. Forall four sky classifications, fuel consumption and energy storage requirements increased linearly with the increasing weather forecast interval. Larger forecast intervals lead to degraded weather forecasts, requiring more frequent charging/discharging of the energy storage, increasing both the fuel consumption and energy storage design requirements. The significant contributions of this work include the optimal EMS and an approach for quantifying the meteorological forecast effects on fuel consumption and energy storage requirements on microgrid performance. The findings of this study indicate that the forecast interval used by the EMS affected both fuel consumption and energy storage requirements, and that the sensitivity of these effects depended on the 24-hour sky conditions.

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The performance of speckle imaging or optical interferometer systems increases with (r0/D)' where r0 is the atmospheric coherence length, D the aperture size and n is between 2 to 4. Since r0 is around 10 cm at visible wavelengths and D may be several meters, selecting a site with a large r0 becomes critical for 30-100 m baseline systems. A unique problem for such optical systems is the need for a relatively, large, flat, =100 m site. This is inconsistent with the atmospheric dynamics that produce optimal sites. • INTRODUCTIONWe have been measuring the affects of the atmosphere on the transverse coherence length r0 and the atmospheric isoplanatic angle O during the last decade. Optical and

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