Objectives: To improve the reduction of photovoltaic system's power output under various resistance load. Additionally, partial shaded conditions (PSCs) lead to several peaks on photovoltaic (PV) curves, which decrease conventional techniques' efficiency and in these (PSCs), standard equations might not be implemented entirely, therefore, the mathematical model of PV array is compulsory to modify and re-establish as well as it is compulsory to apply some methods based on artificial intelligence to develop the performance of traditional techniques. Methods: This work has modified and re-established the mathematical model of PV array under (PSCs) which are recognized and verified using MATLAB/Simulink environment. Also, heuristic algorithms (Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) and Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO)) have been suggested and applied with PV system to promote output power under various resistance load, varying weather conditions and (PSCs). Moreover, these suggested algorithms can improve the dynamic response and steady-state PV systems' performance simultaneously and effectively comparing to the Modified Perturb and Observe (MP&O) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. Findings: The proposed methods are examined under various resistance load, several scenarios for (PSCs) and non-uniform irradiation levels to investigate its effectiveness. The results ensure that proposed tracker based on Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) can distinguish between the global and local maximum peaks of PV system effectively with efficiency of 99% comparing to other MPPT approaches. So, all approaches mentioned above are implemented to improve the output power of PV system in Yemen. Novelty: Modified and re-established the mathematical model of PV array under (PSCs) and also, proposed a heuristic algorithms (CSA) and (MPSO)

Improving photovoltaic systems in terms of temporal responsiveness, lowering steady-state ripples, high efficiency, low complexity, and decreased tracking time under various circumstances is becoming increasingly important. A particle-swarm optimizer (PSO) is frequently used for maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. However, during partial-shadowing circumstances (PSCs), this technique has three major drawbacks. The first problem is that it slowly converges toward the maximum power point (MPP). The second issue is that the PSO is a time-invariant optimizer; therefore, when there is a time-variable shadow pattern (SP), it adheres to the first global peak instead of following the dynamic global peak (GP). The third problem is the high oscillation around the steady state. Therefore, this article proposes a hybrid PSO-PID algorithm for solving the PSO’s three challenges described above and improving the PV system’s performance under uniform irradiance and PSCs. The PID is designed to work with the PSO algorithm to observe the maximum voltage that is calculated by subtracting from the output voltage of the DC-DC boost converter and sending the variation to a PID controller, which reduces the error percentage obtained by conventional PSO and increases system efficiency by providing the precise converter-duty cycle value. The proposed hybrid PSO-PID approach is compared with a conventional PSO and bat algorithms (BAs) to show its superiority, which has the highest tracking efficiency (99.97%), the lowest power ripples (5.9 W), and the fastest response time (0.002 s). The three aforementioned issues can be successfully solved using the hybrid PSO-PID technique; it also offers good performance with shorter times and faster convergence to the dynamic GP. The results show that the developed PID is useful in enhancing the conventional PSO algorithm and solar-system performance.

The solar system characteristics are affected due to few obscure terms, causing a reduction of photovoltaic system's power output. Also, partial shaded conditions (PSCs) lead to several peaks on photovoltaic (PV) curves, which decrease conventional techniques' efficiency Also, in these (PSCs), standard equations might not be implemented entirely. Therefore, this study aims, first to modify and re-establish the mathematical model of PV array under (PSCs). Second, heuristic algorithms (Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) and Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO)) have been suggested and applied with PV system to promote output power under varying weather conditions and PSCs. Moreover, these algorithms can improve the dynamic response and steady-state PV systems' performance simultaneously and effectively. Later on, the following approaches, modified (MP&O) and (ANN), are also proposed to extract the photovoltaic system's maximum power. Then, MPPT problem is modeled and optimized on MATLAB environment where it is reliable to connect the programmable optimizer with Simulink of photovoltaic cell used to validate results. Finally, proposed methods are examined under several scenarios for (PSCs) to investigate its effectiveness. The results ensure that proposed tracker based on CSA can distinguish between the global and local maximum peaks of PV system effectively comparing to others MPPT approaches.