The aim of this paper is to provide the clinician with a comprehensive review of current pulp testing methods. A key objective is to highlight the difference between sensitivity testing and vitality testing. A biological basis for pulp testing is also provided to allow greater insight into the interpretation of pulp testing results. The rationale for, and methods of, assessing pulpal blood flow are described.

During instrumentation of the root canal, it is important to develop a continuously tapered form and to maintain the original shape and position of the apical foramen. However, the presence of curvatures may cause difficulty in root canal instrumentation. The ability to keep the instruments centered is essential to provide a correct enlargement, without excessive weakening of the root structure. Several studies have shown that Ni-Ti instruments remain significantly more centered and demonstrated less canal transportation than stainless steel files. Considerable research has been undertaken to understand the several factors related to an instrument's canal-centering ability. In this article, we have discussed the influence of various parameters such as alloys used in the manufacture of instruments, instrument cross-section, taper, and have given tips on canal-centering ability.

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Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial activity 2% Chlorhexidine gel (CHX), Aloe vera, Propolis, Septilin and Calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH) 2] on Enterococcus faecalis infected root canal dentine at two different depths (200 µm and 400 µm) and three time intervals (day 1, 3 & 5). Methodology: One hundred and eighty extracted human teeth were infected for 21 days with E.faecalis. Samples were divided into six groups. Group I (Saline) (Negative control), Group II (Propolis), Group III (2% CHX), Group IV (Aloe vera), Group V (Calcium hydroxide), Group VI (Septilin). At the end of 1, 3, and 5 days, the remaining vital bacterial population was assessed. Dentine shavings were collected at two depths (200 µm and 400 µm), and total numbers of colony forming units were determined. The values were analysed statistically with oneway analysis of variance followed by Tukey multiple comparison test. The paired t-test was used to check for differences in growth at different time intervals within groups and for differences at the two depths (P < 0.01). Results: The number of colony-forming units was statistically significant in all groups compared to the control group (Saline). Group III (CHX) and Group VI (septilin) (100%) produced better antimicrobial efficacy followed by aloe vera (78.94%), propolis (66.7%), calcium hydroxide (58.5%). There was significant difference between aloe vera and propolis and no significant difference between data at 200 µm and 400 µm. Conclusion: Septilin and Aloe vera were effective against E.faecalis in dentine of extracted teeth.