Desde los años 80, en Cuba, se han desarrollado políticas efectivas y sostenidas para avanzar en el campo de la biotecnología con énfasis en el área de la salud (producción de medicamentos, vacunas, compuestos monoclonales, entre otros). Este proceso estuvo orientado a satisfacer necesidades del sistema de salud y generar productos de alto valor agregado que puedan competir en la economía globalizada. El documento se acerca a la experiencia cubana a través del caso específico de uno de sus centros más exitosos: el Centro de Inmunología Molecular (CIM), que refleja muy bien la estrategia del país en el campo de la biotecnología, sus relaciones con la política nacional, sus conexiones con la economía y la sociedad, sus avances y desafíos fundamentales. El documento aborda estos aciertos, desde sus interrelaciones y los desafíos que los marcos regulatorios internacionales le imponen. A la postre, se pretende contribuir, desde el análisis de los avances, dificultades y desafíos de la experiencia cubana, a la generación de aprendizajes y lecciones que forjen buenas prácticas en la implementación de políticas para fomentar la alta tecnología en países en vías de desarrollo.

The Cuban government has implemented a series of agricultural transformations since 2007 to increase the country's agricultural self-sufficiency and reduce its dependence on food imports. These include the transfer in usufruct, i.e. use rights only, of State-owned land to non-State producers (i.e. cooperatives and private farmers), moderate price reforms, the decentralization of decision making, and the gradual relaxation of existing forms of agricultural commercialization. As a result of these measures, the area planted, as well as physical output and agricultural yields (in selected non-sugar crop categories) have shown mixed results, and still remain below desired levels. There are three fundamental unresolved issues that have prevented Cuba's agricultural sector from achieving desired levels: (1) the need to achieve the "realization of property"; (2) recognition and acceptance of the market as a complementary economy in coordination with a planning mechanism; and (3) absence of a systemic focus to achieve the successful completion of the agricultural production cycle (i.e. the value chain). These unresolved issues should be addressed through: (1) consolidating markets for inputs, where producers can obtain essential inputs at prices that correspond to the prices they can obtain for their output; (2) granting greater autonomy to agricultural producers to allow them to decide when, where, and to whom they can sell their output, after social contracts have been fulfilled; (3) diversifying types of agricultural commercialization to permit greater participation by non-State economic actors; (4) allowing agricultural producers to freely hire the labor necessary to sustain and increase production; and (5) providing agricultural producers with needed financing and technical assistance. Please refer to Supplementary Materials, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.323.s1, for a full text Spanish version of this article.El gobierno cubano ha implementado una serie de transformaciones en el sector de la agricultura desde 2007 con el objetivo de aumentar la autosuficiencia agrícola del país y reducir su dependencia de las importaciones de alimentos. Estas transformaciones incluyen la transferencia en usufructo (solo derechos de uso) de tierras de propiedad estatal a productores no estatales (cooperativas y agricultores privados), reformas moderadas de precios, la descentralización de la toma de decisiones y la relajación gradual de las formas existentes de comercialización agrícola. Como resultado de estas medidas, el área sembrada, así como la producción física y los rendimientos agrícolas (en categorías seleccionadas de cultivos sin incluir la caña de azúcar) han mostrado resultados mixtos y aún se mantienen por debajo de los niveles deseados. Hay tres problemas fundamentales no resueltos que han impedido que el sector agrícola de Cuba logre los niveles deseados: (1) la necesidad de lograr la "realización de la propiedad"; (2) el reconocimiento y aceptación del mercado como una economía complementaria en coordinación c...

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The Philosophy of Engineering and Technology book series provides the multifaceted and rapidly growing discipline of philosophy of technology with a central overarching and integrative platform. Specifically it publishes edited volumes and monographs in: the phenomenology, anthropology and socio-politics of technology and engineering the emergent fields of the ontology and epistemology of artifacts, design, knowledge bases, and instrumentation engineering ethics and the ethics of specific technologies ranging from nuclear technologies to the converging nano-, bio-, information and cognitive technologies written from philosophical and practitioners' perspectives and authored by philosophers and practitioners. The series also welcomes proposals that bring these fields together or advance philosophy of engineering and technology in other integrative ways. Proposals should include: A short synopsis of the work or the introduction chapter. The proposed Table of Contents The CV of the lead author(s). If available: one sample chapter. We aim to make a first decision within 1 month of submission. In case of a positive first decision the work will be provisionally contracted: the final decision about publication will depend upon the result of the anonymous peer review of the complete manuscript. We aim to have the complete work peer-reviewed within 3 months of submission. The series discourages the submission of manuscripts that contain reprints of previous published material and/or manuscripts that are below 150 pages / 75,000 words. For inquiries and submission of proposals authors can contact the editor-in-chief Pieter Vermaas via: p.e.vermaas@tudelft.nl, or contact one of the associate editors. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Printed on acid-free paper Introduction: Thinking Through Technology in SpanishWith around 470 million native speakers, Sp...