The Russian government emphatically stated that it started a full official attack on Ukrainian territory on February 24, 2022. While, the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, declared the imposition of martial law in all regions of his country after Russia carried out a full attack. In addition, several countries in the world responded through open statements of their respective heads of state, and some were accompanied by the imposition of sanctions. Regardless of the reasons and justifications for a decision, the community is the most affected party. This war situation, of course, needs to heed the principles of humanitarian law and humanitarian principles. This paper describes how the war between Russia and Ukraine is seen from the perspective of international law and obligations of the parties under international humanitarian law. This type of research is normative juridical research. The data collecting method used is literature study. The tools used in this research are secondary data in the form of documents consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and non-legal materials. These data were analyzed qualitatively and then presented descriptively. The results of this study found that the justifications used by the Russian government in carrying out military operations in Ukraine, namely self-defense, collective self-defense, and humanitarian intervention cannot be justified under international law. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine is included in an international armed conflict so that in order to protect civilians and certain subjects and objects, the parties to the conflict must comply with the provisions of international humanitarian law.

Objective: This research aims to undergo a juridical analysis of the stipulations for the adoption of refugee children from the perspective of international law.  Methodology: This was juridical normative research that collected data using the literary study method. This research used primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and non-legal materials research instruments. Findings: A core principle in making policies concerning refugee children is the ‘best interest rule’, which has two main implementations: the making of governmental policies and decisions made on the children as individuals. Adoption may only be considered after all efforts on tracing and reunifying child refugees with their families have failed, or if the child’s parents have agreed on that adoption according to the standard stipulated in the Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. A jurisprudence concerning this was the case of Mariya Abdi Ibrahim vs Norway in the European Court of Human Rights for Application No. 15379/16. Indonesian stipulations are not in line with the international law that allows the adoption of refugee children. Application: This research may provide insight for the Indonesian government in considering an alternative care model for the many child refugees in Indonesia. Originality: This research described alternative model patterns that may be applied in Indonesia, as the government only regulated the prohibition of adopting international child refugees in Indonesia. But when referring to some international conventions, some types of alternative care are permitted, including adoption, even though it is only applied as a last resort. Keywords: adoption, children, refugee, international law, Indonesia.

Anak merupakan investasi terbesar bagi suatu peradaban bangsa yang memiliki peran strategis sehingga keberadaanya dan eksistensinya wajib diperhitungkan. Diakhir tahun 2020 Pemerintahan era Presiden Joko Widodo, sebagai upaya bentuk nyata pemberantasan dan upaya penanggulangan kejahatan seksual yang dilakukan kepada anak dibawah umur telah ditandatangani. Melalui Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 70 Tahun 2020 yang merupakan amanah dari Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang- Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. Terdapat beberapa isu dan masalah berkaitan adanya ketentuan pemberatan sanksi pidana bagi pelaku kekerasan seksual anak dengan cara kebiri kimia. Penerapan kebiri kimia ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra berkaitan dengan tingkat efektifitas untuk menekan angka kejahatanya, berbanding dengan pemberlakuannya yang dianggap melanggar hak asasi manusia yang telah dijamin oleh Undang-undang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kebiri kimia sebagai hukuman tambahan bagi pelaku pedofilia. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa hukuman kebiri sebagai hukuman tambahan diharapkan memberikan efek jera atau balasan yang dianggap pantas serta diharapkan memperbaiki kelakuan terpidana setelah selesai menjalani pidana pokoknya. Dalam pelaksanaan hukuman kebiri kimia tidak dilakukan secara serta merta. Melainkan melalui tiga tahap yaitu penilaian klinis, kesimpulan dan pelaksanaan. Sehingga ada potensi pelaku tindak pidana kejahatan sek- sual anak tidak dijatui hukuman kebiri kimia.

Gender issues frequently arise in political debates, and they are accompanied by negative stereotypes on social media that political opponents echo. This issue draws attention among scholars to examine of gender and political issues in social media, but we have not found any across research that can map gender and political issues in social media with the output of patterns and themes.. Therefore, this article seeks to identify trends of gender issues and politics on social media and alludes to the various stereotypes. To initiate the findings and discussion, a qualitative literature review study was used, in which data were obtained from the Academic Scopus Database involved analysis of 89 articles, which data source from 2012 to 2021 in the social science discipline. Data were managed by the NVivo 12 Plus and VOSViewer as a data analysis tool – with some of the main menus used in the NVivo 12 plus (themes classification; project maps; and group classification), other side used VOSViewer (density and overlay visualization). Our findings highlight various emerging themes proportion regarding gender issues and politics on social media. These topics have tended to increase in the current decade; newest research trends have led to studies on gender and sexuality, female leaders, anti-immigration, voice, and young women, as well as LGBT, which politics intersect—followed by some issues such as black women, Muslim women, and also white women that get involved in political debates. There are three striking main propositions: social media, politics, and gender. However, many politicians and social media users bring up the gender stereotype. In short, this research can contribute to enriching the treasures of gender issues and politics on social media.

Berdiskusi dengan masyarakat umum berkaitan perlindungan dari kejahatan seksual terutama kejahatan yang mengancam anak terkadang masih dianggap tabu. Padahal adanya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 70 Tahun 2020 yang merupakan amanah dari Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Anak, merupakan upaya nyata didalam pemberantasan dan penanggulangan kejahatan seksual yang dilakukan kepada anak dibawah umur, dengan ditambahkanya hukuman kebiri kimia bagi pelaku kejahatan seksual anak telah dinyatakan berlaku. Sebagai peraturan hukum yang baru sudah menjadi permasalahan yang mendasar berkaitan dengan lambatnya laju informasi yang terserap dan dipahami maksud dari peraturan tersebut oleh masyarakat awam, terutama masyarakat yang tinggal jauh dari jantung kota yang telah sibuk dengan kegiatan rutinitas hariannya. Tujuan untuk melakukan pemberdayaan ini ialah sebagai upaya mendorong masyarakat desa sabagaimana telah ditentukan lokasinya sebelumnya, yaitu mendukung adanya setiap program kerja ataupun penyalur informasi atauran hukum yang telah diberlakukan sebagaimana amanah Undang-undang Desa Nomor 06 Tahun 2014. Pengabmas dilaksanakan secara luring didesa Mutisari, Kecamatan Watumalang, Kabupaten Wonosobo dengan berkerja sama dengan pemerintah desa dengan mengundang masyarakat setempat, keterwakilan pemuda - pemudi, dan kelompok ibu-ibu PKK. Peserta Pengabmas sangatlah antusias dengan kegiatan ini, dan memiliki komitmen yang telah dibentuk serta dikuatkan kembali untuk berperan aktif serta siap menjadi agen penggerak untuk mencegah dan  mengawal setiap kasus kejahatan seksual terkhususkan korbannya adalah anak. Demikian dengan adanya peraturan baru tersebut, juga dapat ditransformasikan melalui meningkatnya kesadaran hukum masyarakat dan pemangku kebijakan didesa agar mampu menerjamahkan dan mengkorelasikan program kerjanya.