BACKGROUND: Menstrual disorders to women are generally caused by the disturbance of estrogen production level. This can cause problems in the female reproductive organs. Herbal medications at this moment are demanding to prevent the risk of chemical substances, one of them is grass jelly leaves (Cyclea barbata) which has the potency to induce estrogen levels to women and some people use it to overcome fertility problems. One of the active compounds content is coclaurine. AIM: The study aimed to know the main compound leaves of C. barbata which has an important role in estrogen induction, protein target, and pathway through to activate estrogen production. METHODS: There are 18 active compounds from C. barbata gained from database and had been confirmed the presence of coclaurine compound used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, it predicted that the potency of molecular interaction between active compounds of ESRα had been done by the molecular docking and in vitro approach. RESULTS: Coclaurine has the highest binding affinity to activate ESRα. Even though the network analysis prediction did not show the direct interaction, we predict the coclaurine might first interact with other steroid proteins showing by Cytoscape analysis. In vitro results showing the maximum dosage of C. barbata extract is in 100 ppm, while coclaurine dosage is optimum at 100 and 200 μM/L to induce the maturation of oocytes. CONCLUSION: Coclaurine compounds give stimulation of hormonal induction through several proteins such as SRC, ADRB2, and ADRB3 which involve CYP1A1 and CYP19A1, then activate estrone and estradiol to help the increase of estrogen. C. barbata ethanol extracts and coclaurine had been proved having ability to enhance development follicles pre-ovulation.

Weeds in sugarcane have negatively affected the sugar yield rate. Several approaches have been carried out to overcome the weeds, including the usage of diuron as synthetic herbicide. However, the long-term usage of diuron is known to have a negative effect leads to the production of 3,4- Dichloroaniline responsible for soil leach and bioaccumulation. Therefore, this study aimed to find a potential natural herbicide. By mimicking the diuron's mode of action which inhibits the process of photosynthesis through blocking the Photosystem II protein D1 (psbA) of the weeds, fourteen compounds as potential candidate bioherbicides were virtually docked by PyRx v0.9.5 software to the specific site. Three important species of the weeds were chosen including Eleusine indica, Praxelis clematidea, and Momordica charantia. The binding affinity score was further calculated and ranked to screen the top six compounds as bioherbicide candidates. Interaction of each complex and the biological activity prediction were then performed by Discovery Studio software and PASS server, respectively. Aurachin P, Aurachin A, and Cyanobacterin were placed in the top ranked compounds with high binding affinity score around -6 to -9 kcal mol-1 toward the psbA. The amino acid interaction involved in the complex shows 50-90% similar to the control, psbA and diuron complex. Besides, the biological activity prediction of Aurachin P, Aurachin A, and Cyanobacterin exhibits the terms related to the inhibition of photosynthesis process via enzymatic pathway. Thus, the active compounds might have inhibition action in the photosynthesis process and control  the weeds in sugarcane.

Dengue caused by the dengue virus (DENV) is a severe health problem in tropical regions such as Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. Indonesian have used rhizome as traditional medicine for 1300 years. This study investigated the compounds from Kaempferia galanga, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma zanthorrhiza, Alpinia galanga, and Allium sativum as antivirals agents, explicitly targeting the DENV envelope protein to inhibit viral fusion. This study involved 121 bioactive compounds and DENV2's prefusion envelope protein. The virtual screening and molecular docking were done through occupied the Lipinski rule of five checker (http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/software/drugdesign/lipinski.jsp) and AutoDock Vina (https://pyrx.sourceforge.io/) respectively. The top nine compounds with the strongest binding affinity were galangin, kampferide, demetoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, β-selinene, 6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4,4-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol, piperine, estra-1,3, 5(10)-trien-17β-ol, and curcumin. These compounds' affinity values were significantly lower, around 45-62%, than chloroquine. Most of them interact with the kl hairpin and hydrophobic pocket formed by residues Val130, Leu135, Phe193, Leu198, and Phe279of critical domains that can interfere with the conformational change and rearrangement of protein dimer in the post-fusion stage. This study suggested that the galangin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin are considered the most potential compounds to be developed as anti-prefusion E DENV2 low-affinity and intense interaction with those. Keywords: DENV2, envelope protein, in silico, viral fusion, viral infection

Dengue is a severe health problem, especially in under-developing countries like Indonesia. The government and the community have made various efforts. However, the current programs are focusing on controlling disease vector. Medical treatment so far only treats the symptoms. On the other hand, the development of antiviral compounds has been dominated by synthetic compounds which may have serious side effects. The potential of natural compounds in Asia is still largely unexplored. Dengue virus nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) is highly conserved in all serotypes. This study aims to screen several potential natural compounds to be developed as specific antiviral compounds targeting DENV NS5. This research conducted by using in silico approaches including data mining, molecular docking, and 2D-3D visualization. About 170 compounds from 88 organisms analyzed to get the top nine compounds with the highest affinity against NS5 protein. The top nine compounds are from the halichondramide, trigocherriolide, quinadoline, tryptoquivaline, and zingiberene groups. The docking results showed that these potential compounds have an affinity of about 67-100% higher than ribavirin. The visualization results show that these compounds are grouped into three different binding sites. They are RdRP, MTase, and the junction. Compounds that bind in RdRP are thought to interfere with the process of RNA viral synthesis, compounds that bind to MTase are thought to disrupt the viral RNA capping process, while compounds that bind between the two domains are thought to interfere NS5 structural integrity. The compound with the highest affinity is halishigamide A. Halishigamide A is known to have antimicrobial properties, but the action mechanism is still unknown. Compared to the control drug, the halishigamide A tends to have more dynamic movement and interaction to the target protein’s binding site due to its residues’ chemicals motive. Together, these results showed the potency of natural products as specific antiviral compounds targeting DENV NS5.

Ganoderma is a major pathogen in oil palm crops. Some efforts related to control the growth of Ganoderma have been conducted but still have not found an effective method. This study aims to develop an organic fungicide that has been tested in vitro, which effective in controlling the growth of Ganoderma. The optimization carried out includes the determination of the dose and time interval for application in 13-year-old mature oil palm. This organic fungicide application was the continuation of application during the previous year especially for the two best treatment which is application organic fungicide every week (1w) and every two weeks (2w). In this study, the treatments tested were three levels dose of organic fungicide (0, 1x and 2x) and two types of frequency application, i.e. every week (1w) and every other week (2w). The results showed that the best application of organic fungicides was every week application with twice doses (1w.2x), based on the parameters of the inhibition of Ganoderma’s fruiting body formation, primary and secondary root formation, the opening of spear leaves, and harvesting parameters. The application of organic fungicide able to recover the oil palm infected Ganoderma sp., with increasing the fresh fruit bunch and its weight around 70% and 78%, respectively.