Large ruminants, consisting of cattle and buffalo, have played an important role in human life from the past to the present. Information about the utilization of large ruminants was often found in inscriptions in ancient Java. Unfortunately, the diversity of these large ruminants was not described in detail. The reliefs of the temples can be used as a consideration in understanding the diversity of large ruminants based on the morphological characteristics carved in the reliefs. Borobudur Temple, a historical building from the 8th century AD which was rich in reliefs, can be used as a data source to find information about the diversity of the large ruminants in Java. The aims of this study was to find the diversity of the large ruminants in Java in the 8th century based on the reliefs at Borobudur Temple. The research was conducted by observing various large ruminant images contained in the reliefs of Borobudur Temple. The results of the observations were interpreted and clustered based on their morphological characteristics. The results showed that there were ten relief panels containing images of cattle and nine relief panels containing images of buffalo. Based on the observed morphological characteristics, it could be concluded that there was only one breed of cattle and buffalo, respectively zebu (Bos indicus) and wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee).

Native chickens have a good potential for production and business opportunities in intensive rearing. Rural communities that have raised native chickens traditionally have difficulties in implementing the intensive rearing method directly. Changes in society can be achieved through a program of activities resulting from social planning which is implemented in stages, systematically, and sustainably. This Community Service Program was aimed to assist rural communities in adopting the intensive rearing method of native chickens gradually. This program was focused on counseling about the management of domestic chicken rearing and the application of the Cage management system by changing the rearing of native chickens from umbaran to colony cage system on the land owned by the Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT). Counseling was able to provide additional insight and basic knowledge regarding the intensive rearing of native chickens. The colony cages construction on KWT land was the initial stage of adopting an intensive rearing system. Through this program, KWT members also discovered several problems, which can be solved by this program or by the further implementation of this community service program.

Livestock genetic improvement is the main purpose of animal breeding program. Biotechnology brings novel method to improve the animal breeding program qualitatively and quantitatively. Identification of gene sequence of polymorphism are used widely to analyze gene sequence to understand genetic variation. Calpain 1 (CAPN1) gene is the gene that involve in the process of improving meat quality such as marbling and tenderness of the livestock including the cattle, buffalo, and goat species. CAPN1 is responsible in encoding the µ-calpain that regulate postmortem proteolysis.  This study collect the gene database including calpain 1 [Bos taurus (cattle)] NC_037356.1, calpain 1 [Bos indicus (zebu cattle)] NC_032678.1, calpain 1 [Bos indicus x Bos taurus (hybrid cattle)] NC_040104.1, calpain 1 [Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo)] NC_059161.1 calpain 1 [Capra hircus (goat)] NC_030836.1 through NCBI. Those collected gene were analyze using the Clustal W alignment, MEGA 11, and BLAST program. The results indicate that the cattle, buffalo, and goat species CAPN1 gene of the 5’ UTR, Intron, Exon, dan 3’ UTR region show 9 SNPs, 1691 SNPs, 153 SNPs, and 197 SNPs, respectively. Total of the identified SNPs within the the cattle, buffalo, and goat species CAPN1 gene comparison are 2050. This study can be used for the initial report in order to develop further research related to CAPN1 gene for the livestock ruminant.