s Ral interacting protein of 76 kDa (RLIP76) is multifunctional protein localized and distributed in the plasma membrane, cytosol, and nucleus of the cell. In tumorigenesis, RLIP76 emerges as a common feature for the solid tumor growth. RLIP76 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues including the ovary. Interestingly, the similar physiological events in obtaining an adequate supply of nutrient by gaining access to the host vascular system are required either for corpus luteum formation or tumor development. In addition, the identical angiogenesis modulators were found in neoplastic and normal ovaries. Our previous study involving RLIP76−/− mice implanted with melanoma or carcinoma cell conclusively demonstrated that RLIP76 is necessary for angiogenesis and neovascularization of primary solid tumors. RLIP76 plays an essential role in tumor angiogenesis through the regulation of pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). In certain previous studies, those pro-angiogenic factors were found significantly to be upregulated during the corpus luteum formation. To that, the following review will discuss the likelihood of RLIP76 role in ovarian corpus luteum.

The uterine endometrium is an intricate tissue, which is comprised of luminal epithelial cells, superficial glandular epithelial cells, deep glandular epithelial cells, and fibroblast-like stromal cells (Forde & Lonergan, 2012). Uterine endometrial glands of all mammalian species synthesize and secrete a complex substance into the uterine lumen that has a function in the onset of pregnancy, the growth of the placenta, and conceptus development, termed histotroph (Gray et al., 2001). This uterine glandular secretion, histotroph, performs a vital role in providing a source of nutrient for the embryo and involving in fetoplacental development during the embryo implantation (Burton, Watson, Hempstock, Skepper, & Jauniaux, 2002). In the global proteomic characterization study, the histotroph compounds are proteins, carbohydrates, sugars, lipids, and ions (Kayser, Kim, Cerny, & Vallet, 2006; Beltman et al., 2014). Thus far, uterine luminal fluids are well known as prominent substrates, and nutrients that are required to support the establishment of pregnancy confirmed in the previous study of ovine uterine gland knockout model (Gray et al., 2000; Forde & Lonergan, 2012). In formerly research of porcine uterine fluids, we discovered that the endometrial-secreted factors contained essential proteins associated with the color, thickness,

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland in the ovary. In the ovarian cycle, repeated patterns of specific cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation occur that accompany the formation and regression of the corpus luteum. Molecular mechanism events in the ovarian microenvironment, such as angiogenesis and apoptosis, are complex. Recently, we focused on the role of RAS protein in the ovarian corpus luteum. RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. Thus, we have reviewed the role of RAS protein related to the biological events of the corpus luteum in the ovary.

The corpus luteum is a temporary reproductive endocrine structure established from a ruptured follicle wall after ovulation. In the ovarian cycle of ruminant species, the corpus luteum organ undergoes a repeated pattern of specific cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. The corpus luteum encounters several physiological events, including growth, function, and regression throughout its life span. Also, the corpus luteum comprises granulosa and theca cells and endothelial cells, such as luteal steroidogenic cells and luteal endothelial cells. These cells play an important role in the physiology of the corpus luteum and the maintenance and degeneration of the corpus luteum. Furthermore, the role of reproductive hormones in the ovaries is important. Representative hormones include estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin F2α, and oxytocin. Understanding their functions is important in studying the physiological phenomena and various mechanisms of the corpus luteum in the ovary. Therefore, the following review will discuss the role of reproductive hormones and luteal cell types in the microenvironment of the corpus luteum in the bovine ovary.

Livestock genetic improvement is the main purpose of animal breeding program. Biotechnology brings novel method to improve the animal breeding program qualitatively and quantitatively. Identification of gene sequence of polymorphism are used widely to analyze gene sequence to understand genetic variation. Calpain 1 (CAPN1) gene is the gene that involve in the process of improving meat quality such as marbling and tenderness of the livestock including the cattle, buffalo, and goat species. CAPN1 is responsible in encoding the µ-calpain that regulate postmortem proteolysis.  This study collect the gene database including calpain 1 [Bos taurus (cattle)] NC_037356.1, calpain 1 [Bos indicus (zebu cattle)] NC_032678.1, calpain 1 [Bos indicus x Bos taurus (hybrid cattle)] NC_040104.1, calpain 1 [Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo)] NC_059161.1 calpain 1 [Capra hircus (goat)] NC_030836.1 through NCBI. Those collected gene were analyze using the Clustal W alignment, MEGA 11, and BLAST program. The results indicate that the cattle, buffalo, and goat species CAPN1 gene of the 5’ UTR, Intron, Exon, dan 3’ UTR region show 9 SNPs, 1691 SNPs, 153 SNPs, and 197 SNPs, respectively. Total of the identified SNPs within the the cattle, buffalo, and goat species CAPN1 gene comparison are 2050. This study can be used for the initial report in order to develop further research related to CAPN1 gene for the livestock ruminant.