Ocular melanoma is the most common adult primary intraocular tumour. Although ,1% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis, most will develop metastasis at varying lengths of time. Metastasis surveillance is therefore critical in the follow-up of patients with ocular melanoma. Liver is the most common site of metastasis and prognosis is based on the treatment of liver metastasis. Hence, imaging of liver metastasis is vital. MRI is the most specific modality for imaging liver metastasis and is at least as sensitive as CT. Extrahepatic metastasis such as retroperitoneal nodules and bone metastases are also better evaluated on MRI. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are extremely helpful for detecting liver lesions. In particular, newer hepatobiliary contrast agents which offer an additional hepatobiliary phase of excretion help in the detection of even tiny liver metastases. Diffusion-weighted imaging is helpful when an i.v. contrast cannot be administered. Treated lesions are also better evaluated with MRI. CT is useful for evaluating lung nodules, large liver metastasis or in patients in whom MRI is medically contraindicated. The disadvantage lies in its inability to detect small liver metastasis and the radiation dose involved. The lesions treated with iodized oil as part of chemoembolization procedures can be followed on CT. Ultrasound can be used only for detecting hepatic metastases. However, it is heavily operator dependent, technically challenging and time consuming especially in patients who are large. Extrahepatic metastasis cannot be seen on ultrasound. Its utility is primarily for the biopsy of liver lesions. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT can detect lung nodules and large liver lesions but is insensitive to small liver lesions. Moreover, the high radiation dose is a major disadvantage. IMAGING OF OCULAR MELANOMA METASTASISOcular melanoma is the most common adult primary intraocular tumour, with a stable incidence over the past 30 years of 5.1 per million. The overwhelming majority of those affected are Caucasian. In ocular melanoma, unlike most cancers, ,1% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. However, unfortunately, many do go on to develop metastases. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study, one of the largest prospective studies, with a longitudinal follow-up of 2320 patients, found a 10-year cumulative metastatic rate of 34%.1 The most frequent site of ocular melanoma metastasis is the liver (90%), followed by the lung (30%), bone (23%) and skin (17%). Metastatic disease is identified on an average about 3 years after the diagnosis of the primary tumour. 2,3The median survival time after diagnosis of metastasis in the largest series of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma was 3.6 months, 4, although time to metastasis can be prolonged up to 42 years in some cases. 5 As liver metastases are the most common cause of death in these patients, this review focused largely on imaging of the liver.Given the prolonged time frame i...

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to revolutionize the field of radiology by increasing the efficiency and accuracy of both interpretive and noninterpretive tasks. We have only just begun to explore AI applications in the diagnostic evaluation of knee pathology. Experimental algorithms have already been developed that can assess the severity of knee osteoarthritis from radiographs, detect and classify cartilage lesions, meniscal tears, and ligament tears on magnetic resonance imaging, provide automatic quantitative assessment of tendon healing, detect fractures on radiographs, and predict those at highest risk for recurrent bone tumors. This article reviews and summarizes the most current literature.

Although chondroid syringoma rarely occurs outside the head and neck, the majority of malignant chondroid syringomas are identified in the extremities. Here, we present a case of atypical chondroid syringoma in the fifth toe. Diagnosis of chondroid syringoma with atypical cells was made following initial excisional biopsy and histology, necessitating repeated surgery for positive margins. In this case report, we examine the radiopathologic correlation of this diagnosis, detail the imaging findings of benign and malignant chondroid syringomas, and highlight how magnetic resonance imaging can be used to guide surgical planning and treatment course of this potentially malignant tumor.