Extra-large complex deep foundation pit excavation has an impact on the surrounding environment. The deformation characteristics of deep foundation pits were investigated during excavation, according to the temporal and spatial variations in displacement, using long-term on-site displacement monitoring. The results show that the deformation characteristics of the supporting structure and surrounding buildings can be divided into four stages: earth excavation, cushion construction, internal support removal and cushion completion. In the stages of earthwork excavation and support removal, the settlement deformation of the supporting pile roof, lattice column and adjacent ground is large, and cushion construction has a weakening effect on foundation pit deformation. In the stages of earthwork excavation, cushion construction and internal support removal, the nonuniform settlement between adjacent lattice columns increases the lattice column deformation, and the deformation of the foundation pit tends to be stable after the completion of the internal support. The foundation pit excavation mainly affects the settlement deformation of the adjacent pipe gallery, and its deformation increases rapidly in the early stage of earthwork excavation. Moreover, the influence degree of foundation pit excavation on the surrounding environment decreases with increasing distance from the excavation area.

This paper analyzes China's rising family income inequality since the early 1990s when the urban labor market started its transformation from a centrally controlled to a market‐driven one. We document the trends in income inequality over the period of 1992–2009 using the Urban Household Survey data, and adopt the approach recently proposed by Eika et al. (2014) to decompose changes in income inequality. We find that labor market factors accounted for about three‐quarters of the overall increases in income inequality while falling marriage rate contributed the other quarter. Changes in human capital levels and marital assortativeness have not contributed to the rising inequality. (JEL D31, I26, J12)

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The occurrence of geological structure and stratum lithology plays important roles in the seismic stability of complex slopes, which is also the di cult points of engineering construction. Four three-dimensional layered granite slope models with in nite boundary were modeling via nite element method (FEM).Seismic response and deformation characteristics of slopes are systematically studied through timefrequency domain. A frequency-domain analysis method of complex slopes is proposed including modal and spectrum conjoint analysis. Modal analysis can directly display the main vibration modes of slopes.The combination of modal and spectral analysis can clarify the inherent characteristics of slopes, and reveal the interaction mechanism between inherent frequency and dynamic characteristics of slopes. The results illustrate that structural faces have signi cant effects on the propagation characteristics of wave within rock mass, and complex refraction/re ection phenomena occur near these discontinuities, thus to different dynamic response characteristics in the slope. Layered slopes have apparent magni cation effect of slope surface and altitude. Directions of seismic excitation and structural plane types affect the dynamic response of slopes. Horizontal wave mainly affects the middle and upper part of high-steep slope, while vertical wave has obvious in uence on the slope crest. Additionally, Fourier spectral analysis shows that structural planes have ltering effects on the high-frequency waves. Combined with modal analysis, it further explains that high-frequency section of waves mainly triggers local deformation of slopes, while low-frequency component controls their overall deformation. Finally, instability regions and evolution process of different layered slopes were predicted based on time-frequency conjoint analysis.

The occurrence of geological structure and stratum lithology plays important roles in the seismic stability of complex slopes, which is also the difficult points of engineering construction. Four three-dimensional layered granite slope models with infinite boundary were modeling via finite element method (FEM). Seismic response and deformation characteristics of slopes are systematically studied through time-frequency domain. A frequency-domain analysis method of complex slopes is proposed including modal and spectrum conjoint analysis. Modal analysis can directly display the main vibration modes of slopes. The combination of modal and spectral analysis can clarify the inherent characteristics of slopes, and reveal the interaction mechanism between inherent frequency and dynamic characteristics of slopes. The results illustrate that structural faces have significant effects on the propagation characteristics of wave within rock mass, and complex refraction/reflection phenomena occur near these discontinuities, thus to different dynamic response characteristics in the slope. Layered slopes have apparent magnification effect of slope surface and altitude. Directions of seismic excitation and structural plane types affect the dynamic response of slopes. Horizontal wave mainly affects the middle and upper part of high-steep slope, while vertical wave has obvious influence on the slope crest. Additionally, Fourier spectral analysis shows that structural planes have filtering effects on the high-frequency waves. Combined with modal analysis, it further explains that high-frequency section of waves mainly triggers local deformation of slopes, while low-frequency component controls their overall deformation. Finally, instability regions and evolution process of different layered slopes were predicted based on time-frequency conjoint analysis.