Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused significant economic and health damage worldwide. Rapid vaccination is one of the key strategies to curb severe illness and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have received various COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adenovirus-vectored vaccines, but the side effects and efficacy of most vaccines have not been extensively studied. Recently, there have been increasing reports of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) after COVID-19 vaccination, however, whether their relationship is causal or coincidental remains to be verified. Here, we summarize the latest clinical evidence of IgAN diagnosed by renal biopsy associated with the COVID-19 vaccine published by July 10, 2022 with the largest sample size, and propose a hypothesis for the pathogenesis between them. At the same time, the new opportunity presented by COVID-19 vaccine allows us to explore the mechanism of IgAN recurrence for the first time. Indeed, we recognize that large-scale COVID-19 vaccination has enormous benefits in preventing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to help guide the clinical assessment and management of IgA nephropathy post COVID-19 vaccination and to enrich the “multi-hit” theory of IgA nephropathy.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused an exceptional setback to the global economy and health. Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions to markedly decrease severe illness and death from COVID-19. In recent years, there have been increasingly more reports of new acute kidney injury (AKI) after COVID-19 vaccination. Podocyte injury, IgA nephropathy, vasculitis, tubulointerstitial injury, and thrombotic microangiopathy appear to be the main pathological phenotypes. Nonetheless, whether the link between the COVID-19 vaccine and acute kidney disease (AKD) is causal or coincidental remains to be verified. Here, we generalize some hypotheses for the emergence of AKD and its pathogenesis in response to certain COVID-19 vaccines. In fact, the enormous benefits of mass vaccination against COVID-19 in preventing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality cannot be denied. The purpose of this review is to assist in the clinical assessment and management of AKD following COVID-19 vaccination.

Objective To investigate the effects of different filtration fractions (FFs) during daytime continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) post-dilution. Methods From April to December 2021, forty patients who received CVVHDF in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were randomly assigned to the low FF group (FF: 20–25%) or the high FF group (FF: 25–30%) and then compared with each other. The lifespan of the extracorporeal circuit and other performance metrics were compared between the two groups. Results During treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in arterial pressure between the two groups at 2 hours, 6 hours and the end of treatment compared with that at 1 hour of treatment (P = 0.30, 0.27, 0.87). There was no statistically significant difference between the venous pressure at 2 hours, 6 hours and the end of treatment compared with that at 1 hour of treatment (P = 0.55, 0.53, 0.53), and there was also no statistically significant difference in transmembrane pressure (P = 0.55, 0.63, 0.53). There was no statistically significant difference in the clotted filter or the extracorporeal circulation circuit at the end of CRRT between the two groups (P = 0.95, 0.31). There were statistically significant differences in the clearance efficiency of serum creatinine (P = 0.04). Conclusion For patients with daytime CRRT, CVVHDF treatment with FFs < 25% compared with FFs of 25–30% has no statistically significant difference in the risk of coagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass, while the efficacy seems to be significantly different. This study aims to provide supportive data for the criteria for defining FF in clinical practice.

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With the increasing application of rituximab in hematological diseases and autoimmune diseases, we have gradually increased our awareness of the adverse reaction of rituximab-associated neutropenia, but little is known about its true incidence rate, susceptibility risk factors and exact pathogenesis. At present, research groups have conducted a large number of studies on different populations. The team found that age (age > 60), advanced disease, autologous stem cell transplantation, systemic lupus erythematosus and combined cyclophosphamide therapy were independent risk factors for RAN. However, its exact mechanism is not completely clear. Several hypotheses have been put forward to solve this question, including the production of anti-neutrophil antibodies after RTB, the generation disorder and neutrophil maturation stagnation caused by abnormal B-cell reconstruction, and the amplification of T-large granular lymphocyte population that may induce neutrophil apoptosis. This article reviews the update of the incidence rate, risk factors and mechanism of RAN.