Foeniculum vulgare is a cuisine spice of the Apiaceae genus, which is extensively cultivated in the world's tropical and temperate areas. Fennel seeds are developed mostly from dry and semi-dry regions in India. Recent studies have revealed pharmacological properties including antimicrobials, antidiabetic, antioxidants, anticancer and other activities. Fennel contains flavonoids, glycosides and other phytoconstituents present in it which used in medicinal ailments purpose. Phenolic compounds present in fennel can promote to the human health. Trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone and bioactive compounds kaempferol, quercetin, rosmarinic acid have been isolated from this plant and several associate with prospective human body mechanisms. The objective of this review to focusing on the nutritional value, botanical studies, phytochemicals and some major pharmacological actions of fennel to reveal the medicinal potential and future investigation aspects.

Ficus auriculata belongs to family Moraceae. It is also known as Elephant earfig tree because of its large leaves. In India  it is commonly known as Timla, Gular , Tirmal, Timal, Timbal, Tremal, Trimmal.. The plants are mainly distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of about 1800–2600 m altitude. It is native to Asia, especially in India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia.The plants have great ethnomedicinal importance and are used in traditional folk medicine for curing many ailments in humans. The plants rich in Phytoconstituent  e.g.  alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, resins, phenols, tannins, diterpenes, flavonoids, proteins, and amino acids which are present in barks, leaves and fruit extract. The review reveals that huge numbers of phytochemicals which was  isolated from the plant possesses the biological and pharmacological properties are shown by the  bark, leaves and fruits extract of Ficus auriculata i.e antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, histopathological studies, toxicity activity,  anticancerous, antidiabatic, hyperlipidemic, hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory. Leaf extract has also an important role in Glutathione  level in cardiac and also used as fodder for farming system,  for medicinal properties and for further commercial purpose. Keywords: Ficus auriculata, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activity, Herbal Medicine

Foodborne disease is a serious health problem due to some pathogenic microbial agents. Spices have the property to isolate some biologically active compounds which inhibit the growth of foodborne bacteria. The novelty of the present study is undertaken to evaluate the nutritional value and in vitro antibacterial activity of 10 varieties of fennel seed collected from the Terai region in the Uttarakhand state.Antibacterial activity in hexane, chloroform and methanol extract of fennel seeds is evaluated against five human pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. FNL-120, FNL-125 and FNL-126 exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (14.05 ± 0.05 mm) for all the

Foeniculum vulgare is a known herbal spice, and is commonly used in traditional medicine. Our aim was to perform the compositional analysis of ten varieties of fennel genotypes collected from a Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Mineral content was performed by using AAS to find out elements present in fennel seeds. Present study demonstrated significant mineral contents, moisture content and ash content in fennel and is used as food additives. The fennel seed genotype contains Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Na, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr and Co elements present in it. 60.42 to 48.14 mg/100g K, 32.04 to 25.42 mg/100g Ca, 20.43 to 14.42 mg/100g Mg, 3.43 to 1.05 mg/100g Fe, 3.12 to 0.21 mg/100g Na, 0.78 to 0.10 mg/100g Cu, 0.79 to 0.31 mg/100g Ni, 0.62 to 0.07 mg/100g Mn, 0.23 to 0.07 mg/100g Cr and 0.07 to 0.03 mg/100g Co are present in substantial amount. 8.45 to 5.85 % moisture content and 12.8 to 9.5 % ash content are present in fennel genotypes. The above result inferred that Foeniculum vulgare may be a good source of minerals that need to develop and proper functioning of body.

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