Flower-feeding insects may reduce the reproductive success of their host plant in subtle ways that go beyond a direct reduction in gametes. Pollinators may respond to floral damage by visiting damaged plants at lower rates. Fewer visitations to the plant may result in fewer flowers that receive pollinator service and as a consequence lead to lower male and/or female reproductive success. In a two-year study, we examined the direct effect of flower predation by Meligethes rufimanus on the floral display of Isomeris arborea, and the indirect effect of herbivory on pollinator behavior. Plants exposed to herbivore attack produced fewer functional inflorescences than plants protected from herbivory. Undamaged flowers produced three times as much nectar per flower as damaged flowers. Likewise, protected plants had over twice as many anthers per flower as exposed plants. Pollinators responded by visiting damaged flowers less, and exposed plants had lower flower visitation rates than protected plants. Pollinators also visited patches of protected plants more frequently than exposed patches. These results show that floral herbivory reduces pollinator service and thus may reduce reproductive success indirectly, as well as through the direct consumption of viable gametes.

A comprehensive compilation is provided of the medicinal plants of the Southeast Asian country of Myanmar (formerly Burma). This contribution, containing 123 families, 367 genera, and 472 species, was compiled from earlier treatments, monographs, books, and pamphlets, with some medicinal uses and preparations translated from Burmese to English. The entry for each species includes the Latin binomial, author(s), common Myanmar and English names, range, medicinal uses and preparations, and additional notes. Of the 472 species, 63 or 13% of them have been assessed for conservation status and are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017). Two species are listed as Extinct in the Wild, four as Threatened (two Endangered, two Vulnerable), two as Near Threatened, 48 Least Concerned, and seven Data Deficient. Botanic gardens worldwide hold 444 species (94%) within their living collections, while 28 species (6%) are not found any botanic garden. Preserving the traditional knowledge of Myanmar healers contributes to Target 13 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology.Abstract. Flower-feeding herbivores can directly reduce plant reproduction by consuming gametes. They may have additional indirect effects if their damage disrupts pollinator service and causes uneaten gametes to go unused. In a two-year study we investigated direct and indirect effects of florivory by a pollen beetle, Meligethes rufimanus, on the male and female reproductive success of the andromonoecious shrub, Isomeris arborea. We measured pollen export, pollen receipt, fruit set, and outcrossing rates on plants exposed to herbivores (most flowers damaged) and protected from herbivores (few flowers damaged) by systemic insecticide. Pollen export per undamaged flower was reduced by one-half in exposed plants, as estimated by pollinator transfer of florescent dye, which demonstrated indirect negative effects on male reproductive success. Damaged flowers on exposed plants had a lower stigmatic pollen load than undamaged flowers on either exposed or protected plants. Furthermore, exposed plants produced fewer fruits and seeds during the year than protected plants. Although damage reduces pollen receipt, hand pollination experiments showed that neither exposed nor protected plants were pollen limited, which suggests that floral herbivores primarily affect female function through their direct destruction of gametes. Outcrossing rates did not differ between exposed plants (t, = 0.920) and protected plants (t, = 0.806), suggesting that herbivory does not indirectly reduce plant reproductive success by inducing autogamy and subsequent inbreeding depression. Overall, floral herbivory has direct consequences for both male and female reproductive success, but indirect effects are limited to male function.

Target two of the 2002 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), ''A preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, at national, regional, and international levels'' was not accomplished by its original 2010 target date and has therefore been included as a revised 2020 target, ''An assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, as far as possible, to guide conservation action.'' The most widely used system to estimate risk of extinction, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List, provides conservation assessments for fewer than 15,000 plant species. Progress achieving Target two has been hampered by the large number of plant species and the difficulty assembling the data needed for Red List assessments. Two streamlined methods for identifying those plant species considered At Risk under the GSPC Target two are compared and contrasted. Both methods use readily available locality data from herbarium specimens to efficiently identify At Risk species and approximate the list of species that would be identified as threatened by Red List analyses. A comprehensive analysis of the native plant species of Puerto Rico using both streamlined methods identifies 570 of the 2,025 species at some risk of extinction. More efficient systems for assessing threat allow a more timely response to Target two, allow conservation efforts to be directed to the species that need attention, and the list of threatened plants can be used to identify priority areas for plant conservation.

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