Introducción. El cantón Mocache (Ecuador) es una zona del trópico húmedo, con una época seca de seis meses, en el cual se ve afectado la disponibilidad y la calidad de los forrajes, situación que reduce la capacidad reproductiva y productiva de los rumiantes. Objetivo. Evaluar los parámetros de degradación ruminal in vitro aparente de la materia seca (DMS), la materia orgánica (DMO), la fibra en detergente neutro (DFDN) y la fibra en detergente ácido (DFDA) en Tithonia diversifolia cosechada a cuatro edades de corte durante la época seca. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en la Finca Experimental “La María” de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador, entre agosto y octubre del 2017. Se utilizaron cuatro toros fistulados en el rumen. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar (DCA). Los tratamientos fueron: Tithonia diversifolia 30 días de corte (T1), Tithonia diversifolia 45 días de corte (T2), Tithonia diversifolia 60 días de corte (T3) y Tithonia diversifolia 75 días de corte (T4). Los tiempos de incubación fueron: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Las variables evaluadas fueron: DMS, DMO, DFDN y DFDA. Resultados. Los parámetros de degradación ruminal presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos (p<0,05), con T1 se obtuvieron las mejores DMS, DMO, DFDN y DFDA con 36,66, 35,44, 43,16 y 41,55 %, respectivamente. Conclusión. Los mayores parámetros de DMS, DMO, DFDN y DFDA estuvieron asociados a las edades de corte y a los componentes estructurales de la composición bromatológica. La edad de corte a los días 30 en Tithonia diversifolia influyó sobre las degradaciones potencial y efectiva de los nutrientes. A medida que se incrementaron las edades de corte disminuyeron los parámetros de degradación ruminal.
The variability of climatic conditions throughout the year and the physiological maturity of plant material can have effects on the nutritional value of plants and the productive performance of animals. The aim was to determine the effect of three tropical forage species (Tithonia diversifolia, Erythrina poeppigiana and Cratylia argentea) harvested at four cutting ages (30, 45, 60 and 75 days), during the dry and rainy seasons on in vitro gas production, rumen pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and CH4 production. A completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (three forage species, four cutting ages and two seasons) was used. Four Brahman bulls of 250.0 ± 20.5 kg of live weight were used, provided with a ruminal cannula for the extraction of ruminal fluid. The animals were kept separately in individual pens, where they were fed with P. maximum and water was provided ad libitum. Gas production among forage species was lower (p = 0.0001) in T. diversifolia and E. poeppigiana in the dry season. The cutting age had an influence on gas production, showing lower production (p = 0.0164) at 30 and 45 days in the dry season. The VFA production showed differences for the effect between forages in the rainy season, with higher values (p < 0.05) for acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the species E. poeppigiana, C. argéntea and T. diversifolia respectively. CH4 production showed differences between forage species, showing the lowest (p = 0.0001) production of CH4 in T. diversifolia for the dry and rainy seasons. It is concluded that the use of shrubby species (T. diversifolia, E. poeppigiana and C. argéntea) in ruminant production systems in the rainy and dry seasons, with an early regrowth age (30 and 45 days), present a promising alternative on the reduction of CH4.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la inclusión del pasto INIAP 811 y Tithonia diversifolia en cinco proporciones (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 respectivamente en base seca), sobre la composición bromatológica, la digestibilidad in vitro y la producción de gas in vitro en la época seca. Los tratamientos fueron T1= 100% pasto INIAP 811; T2= 75% pasto INAP 811 y 25% T. diversifolia; T3= 50% pasto INAP 811 y 50% T. diversifolia; T4= 25% pasto INAP 811 y 75% T. diversifolia y T5= 100% T. diversifolia. Las variables para la composición bromatológica: materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), fibra en detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra en detergente ácida (FDA). Para la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), fibra en detergente neutra (DIVFDN) y fibra en detergente neutra (DIVFDA). La producción de gas in vitro de la materia seca (B) y la tasa de producción de gas (c). La mejor (p<0.05) MS la reporto el T1 (90.18%), la MO, PC, FDN y FDA la registro el T5 (90.18; 22.19; 48.11 y 32.24% respectivamente). La mayor (p<0.05) DIVMS, DIVFDN y DIFDA la reportó el T5 (70.00; 65,77 y 44.69% respectivamente). La menor (B) (p<0.05) la reportó el T5 (204.05 mL gas) y la mayor (c) (0.050% h). La inclusión de Tithonia diversifolia influyó en la composición bromatológica, la digestibilidad y la producción de gas in vitro, notándose una mayor eficiencia de este forraje a medida que se incrementaban las proporciones evaluadas.
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis and can be a problem in areas where meat products are sold at unregulated storage temperatures. In this work, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was determined in the five most widely traded meat products in the province of Quevedo (Ecuador): bacon, “chorizo paisa”, grilled hamburger meat, mortadella, and salami. A total of 1000 samples of these products were analyzed in two seasons of the year (dry season/rainy season). All L. monocytogenes isolates were confirmed by PCR with primers designed for the iap gene. Furthermore, the positive samples were quantified for L. monocytogenes. Of the 1000 meat products analyzed, 163 were positive for L. monocytogenes (16.3%). The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the two seasons in different meat products was as follows: 22.5% in mortadella, 19% in hamburger meat, 15% in bacon, 14.5% in chorizo paisa and 10.5% in salami. In addition, the concentration of L. monocytogenes in most of the positive samples was in the range of 4–6 log CFU/g or even higher. The results show the need for improvements in the hygienic measures and meat storage temperatures in Quevedo (Ecuador) to avoid risks of foodborne listeriosis.
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