This meta-analytic review of 232 effect sizes showed that, across five categories, attitudes were more negative toward older than younger adults. Perceived age differences were largest for age stereotypes and smallest for evaluations. As predicted by social role theory (Eagly, 1987), effect sizes were reduced when detailed information was provided about the person being rated. The double standard of aging emerged for evaluations and behavior/behavioral intentions, but was reversed for the competence category. Perceptions depended on respondent age also. Results demonstrated both the multi-dimensionality and the complexity of attitudes toward older adults (Hummert, 1999; Kite & Wagner, 2002).For over half a century, gerontologists have puzzled over North Americans' fascination with youth and their reluctance to accept aging gracefully. Initially, research on these issues was based on the assumption that negative attitudes toward older adults were widespread (Butler, 1969). Subsequent reviewers have reached different, and sometimes opposite conclusions. At the same time that Green (1981) 242 Kite, Stockdale, Whitley, and Johnson determined that negative age-related stereotypes were the norm, Lutsky (1980) concluded that age, in and of itself, was less important in determining attitudes toward older adults than were other types of information. More recent reviewers (Hummert, 1999; Kite & Wagner, 2002) echoed McTavish's (1971 conclusion; the answer to the seemingly simply question "Does ageism exist?" is not an unequivocal yes. Instead, people's views about aging are multidimensional, with both positive and negative elements.This article examines the complexities of age-related attitudes and stereotypes through a meta-analytic review of literature on ageism. Specifically, we update and expand upon Kite and Johnson's (1988) previous meta-analysis. Kite and Johnson reviewed the literature on this topic prior to December 1985, examining a total of 43 independent effect sizes. Thirty of those effect sizes indicated that people were more negative toward older than toward younger people, eleven indicated more negative attitudes toward younger than toward older people, and two indicated exactly no difference in attitudes toward the two groups. The overall effect size, as indexed by the d statistic was 0.39, indicating that attitudes toward older persons were more negative than attitudes toward younger persons by approximately onethird of a standard deviation.Although this finding indicated a bias against older adults, these effect sizes were not homogeneous. That is, the difference in attitudes expressed about older and younger adults varied widely across studies. Therefore, potential moderators of the effect sizes were explored to account for this variation. Results supported Lutsky's (1980) contention that people do not rely solely on information about age in judging older adults. Specifically, Kite and Johnson (1988) found that the context provided for the ratings moderated the results. That is, when specific info...

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Although the study of delinquency has previously focused on identifying individual, family, peer, and social risk and protective factors, little empirical research has studied cultural factors and their relations to delinquency. In a large community sample of 329 Chinese, Cambodian, Laotian/Mien, and Vietnamese youths, individualism was positively related to, and collectivism negatively related to, self-reported delinquency, with partial mediation through peer delinquency (PD). Although the percentage of variance in delinquency attributable to individualism-collectivism was small compared to PD, it cannot be discounted as trivial. The results also supported the measurement and structural invariance of these associations across the 4 ethnic groups.

This study explored two unanswered questions regarding the role of alcohol use in sexual behavior. The first concerns whether alcohol use temporally precedes and predicts changes in sexual behavior assessed as the number of sexual partners, whether the reverse pattern holds, or whether the association reflects a common, external cause. Second, this study assessed whether associations between these behaviors change as adolescents transition to adulthood. These questions were addressed using a bivariate dual change latent difference score model. Drinking frequency and number of yearly sex partners were assessed eight times across a 13-year period in a sample of 553 individuals, beginning in the 9 th grade (age: M = 15.11, SD = 0.43). In addition to an association between the individual growth trajectories of these behaviors, alcohol use was a leading indicator of changes in number of sex partners throughout adolescence, but the reverse pattern was not supported. Importantly, the predictive association could not be explained by individual differences in impulsivity, excitement seeking, conduct problems, hostility/aggression, conventional attitudes, gender, or divorce. Finally, in a developmentally meaningful pattern, alcohol use ceased to significantly predict changes in the number of sexual partners as adolescents transitioned to adulthood. KeywordsAlcohol use; sexual behavior; developmental change; common causes; longitudinal study Correspondence regarding this manuscript should be addressed to Dr. Shannon J. Dogan, University of California Cooperative Extension -Placer County, 11477 E Avenue, Auburn, California 95603. Phone: (530) Fax: (530) Publisher's Disclaimer:The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/dev NIH Public Access Alcohol use and sexual behavior are consistently reported to co-occur in both adolescent (Duncan, Strycker, & Duncan, 1999;Tubman, Windle, & Windle, 1996) and adult samples (Capaldi, Stoolmiller, Clark, & Owen, 2002;Cooper, 2002;Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000). Furthermore, alcohol use is found to predict the onset (Blinn-Pike, Berger, Hewett, & Oleson, 2004;Capaldi, Crosby, & Stoolmiller, 1996;Guo et al., 2005) and occurrence of sexual intercourse in adolescents (Whitbeck, Yoder, Hoyt, & Conger, 1999), as well as multiple recent sex partners in both adolescent (e.g., Tapert, Aarons, Sedlar, & Brown, 2001;Tubman et al., 1996) and adult samples (Graves, 1995). Additionally, a predictive relation has been found across these different developmental periods. For example, Wells, Horwood, and Fergusson (200...

We investigated the degree to which parents become more similar to each other over time in their childrearing behaviors. Mothers and fathers of 451 adolescents were assessed at three points in time, with 2-year lags between each assessment. Data on parent warmth, harshness, and monitoring were collected by parent self-report, adolescent report, and observer ratings of family interactions. After controlling for earlier levels of parenting, parent education, and adolescent deviancy, spouse's parenting and marital negativity were significant predictors of later parenting. Marital negativity tended to be a stronger predictor of fathering than mothering. For fathers, associations between spouse's parenting and later fathering were strongest in marriages characterized by low negativity. KeywordsParenting style; childrearing practices; family systems theory; marital relations One of the most studied and most supported influences on child development is parenting (Maccoby, 2002), hence understanding the myriad factors that affect parenting behaviors is of great theoretical interest (Luster & Okagaki, 2005). A sizable literature suggests that a person's style of parenting is associated with characteristics of one's spouse (e.g., Bonds & Gondoli, 2007). One mechanism that has been studied has been the coparenting relationship (McHale, Lauretti, Talbot, & Pouquette, 2002), whereas other studies have focused on the degree to which the marital subsystem is associated with the parent-child subsystem (Erel & Burman, Correspondence regarding this manuscript should be addressed to tomschofield@ucdavis.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/journals/dev. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptDev Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 November 1. Published in final edited form as:Dev Psychol. 2009 November ; 45(6): 1708-1722. doi:10.1037/a0016353. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript 1995). To date, however, few studies have predicted one parent's childrearing behavior from the parenting of her or his spouse. The current study addresses the degree to which childrearing behavior can be predicted over time from the parenting of one's spouse and from the quality of the marital relationship. Finally, the current study asks whether associations between mothering and fathering over time are moderated by the quality of the marital relationship. We also consider socioeconomic and adolescent influences in this process, as reviewed in the following discussion. Parenting Similarity in t...