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This study was a type II prospective observational study of physicians' perceptions of the use of RP models to assist with surgical cases. Results provided by this study suggest expected benefits from application of RP in surgeries of the pediatric spine and pelvis with complex deformities.

The past is certainly a distant land and getting there is a difficult and imperfect undertaking (Brown, Hirschman & Maclaran (2006). This paper explores motivations behind how consumers reach that distant land. Over 1,000 respondents of a variety of ethnic groups show very different stories and diaspora timelines, but personal identity and connection with place are always top ranked motivations for interest in ancestors. How might groups, who may suffer from a lack of identity, fit into these findings when personal identity is the number one reason why consumers engage in genealogy and legacy tourism? Whether a group is well defined (e.g., descended from Norwegian ancestors) or not well defined, results are remarkably similar.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to introduce measures of the motivation of tourists who travel to their ancestral homes. A set of learning exercises is presented for students and managers to apply understanding of these motives to tourism strategies.Design/methodology/approach -The paper provides a brief review of the literature of heritage tourism and the special segment concerning travel with genealogical objectives. Survey data on motives to seek out ancestors are provided with learning exercises to link motives to tourism planning.Findings -Data on the importance of multiple motives are presented with analytical measures of their overall importance levels and of differences between US and UK samples.Research limitations/implications -The motivational variables and data collection are primarily exploratory, focusing on samples that are interested in genealogy and heritage tourism. Further research could certainly be expanded to cover broader populations of tourists and genealogists. Practical implications -By combining primary research with trade association research included in the paper students and tourism managers have the opportunity to apply research findings to tourism and hospitality decision making to attract and satisfy tourists who have genealogical goals in their travel agendas.Originality/value -Data based on the important and growing domain of motivational research in ancestral/genealogical-related tourism have not been presented for analysis and application until now. Strength of motives and differences between nationalities of tourists present a unique analytical opportunity in learning exercises.

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