This study aims to describe the community participation in regional tourism development from the perspective of Arnstein's theory through ladder of participation in Pitu Beach as the top Tourist Destination of North Halmahera Regency, Indonesia. The primary data used in this study were obtained from the representatives of local government (district-subdistrict-village), youth organization, local entrepreneur community and stakeholders who involved in regional tourism development of North Halmahera. While the secondary data were obtained from the Public Works Office of North Halmahera Regency. The results show that community participation in regional tourism development showed the existence of the control society in tourism planning, implementing and evaluating the development program. Thus it could be proofed that community-based tourism approach had been successfully implemented in the context of North Halmahera, Indonesia.

The Kedungsepur National Strategic Area was formed to realize urban areas as the center of national and international economic activities. In order to realize this goal, government expenditure and economic growth are important variables in the development process. Empirically, the study was conducted to analyze the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth from the perspective of Wagner's Law in 6 regencies or cities in the Kedungsepur National Strategic Area during 2012 to 2017. Methodically, this study used Panel Granger Causality and Panel Data Regression to explain the short-term relationship between both variables. The results showed that there was a negative one-way relationship from economic growth to government expenditure. The increase in economic growth in the previous year would reduce the government expenditure in the short term, resulting the Wegner's Law inapplicable in the Kedungsepur National Strategic Area. This was due to the ineffectiveness of institutions, differences in regional expenditure structures towards state expenditures and the lack of government work programs in the productive sector. Thus, a good and coordinative institutional environment was needed to realize the cooperation in crucial sectors, as well as the distribution of regional expenditures on more productive expenditures based on priority interests, aiming at the welfare of the community.

This paper will describe the problems and challenges in North Halmahera tourism development and describe the coordination, resources, disposition of executor and bureaucratic system in the process of tourism policy implementation by local government. This research used a qualitative method and case study approach. The method used in this research is qualitative with case study approach. This research conducted in Kakara Island,

Conceptually and empirically, inflation volatility in Indonesia is a monetary and fiscal phenomenon. This study focuses on the macroeconomic policy and public policy especially causality between two variables namely inflation and money supply in Indonesia. This study uses Indonesian macroeconomic data of inflation and money supply from the Bank of Indonesia publication during 2007.1–2017.7. Inflation is measured by the consumer price index, reflects the annual percentage change in costs of acquiring a basket of goods and services to the average consumers that may change at specified intervals. Meanwhile, money supply is measured by the currency, demand deposits, time deposits, and saving deposits. Methodically, this study uses the Granger Causality model to determine the causality between inflation and money supply. The results show that there is a one-way causality between inflation and money supply in Indonesia. These findings imply that money supply causes inflation, but not vice versa. This condition implies that the role of Indonesian Government and Bank of Indonesia were very crucial in managing and controlling macroeconomic policy and public policy. Then, analysis of money supply and inflation also related to impacting factors such as money laundering, role of banks, taxation, tax evasion, and corruption.

Sustainable livelihood approach has been a strategic approach that can improve the economy of rural communities and create harmonization of socio-cultural, economic, environmental and political development through policies. However, it is holistic and contextual, enabling the existence of different capital characteristics formed based on the community's culture. The Indonesian context shows that customary rituals of the community in Kakara and Limau villages in North Halmahera Regency are forms of capital that mobilize claims and access to capital such as natural, human, physical, financial, and social capital. This article aims to describe the ritual capital in rural livelihood for sustainable tourism development. Key informants involved were leaders of community, traditions, religion and rural government and they were interviewed to obtain in-depth information about the ritual capital. The results indicate that the ritual capital was integrated with the rural tourism development, enhancing the capabilities of the customary community in the Kakara and Limau Village to access other capital. This finding supports the argument explaining that ritual capital is a livelihood asset in the context of tourism development in North Halmahera Regency, Indonesia.