This article is about the accommodation spasm. The primary rule for near vision is ciliary muscle constriction, synchronised convergence of both eyes, and pupil constriction. Any weaknesses in these components could result in an accommodative spasm. Variable retinoscopic reflex, unstable refractive error, and lead of accommodation in near retinoscopy are common causes of spasm. We conducted a thorough literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for published journals prior to June 2022, with no data limitations. This review contains twenty-eight case reports, six cohort studies, four book references, four review articles, and two comparative studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The majority of studies looked at accommodative spasm, near reflex spasm, and pseudomyopia. The most common causes of accommodative spasm are excessive close work, emotional distress, head injury, and strabismus. Despite side effects or an insufficient regimen, cycloplegic drops are effective in diagnosing accommodation spasm. The modified optical fogging technique is also effective and may be an option for treating accommodative spasm symptoms. Bifocals for near work, manifest refraction, base-in prisms, and vision therapy are some of the other management options. As a result, it requires a comprehensive clinical treatment strategy. This review aims to investigate the various aetiology and treatments responsible for accommodative spasm and proposes widely implementing the modified optical fogging method and vision therapy in clinics as comprehensive management to reduce the future upward trend of accommodative spasm.

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The systematic review attempts to examine all the data concerning digital screen use's influence on myopia development in a COVID-19 epidemic.: The literature was searched on PubMed and Science Direct from December 2019 to September 2022. Using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, a total of 12 research papers were chosen for thorough evaluation after the exclusion criteria. Spherical equivalent refraction and axial length were outcomes of myopia progression. Time spent using digital devices and time spent exercising outside were examined as factors. Greater stress, increased use of electronic gadgets like laptops, tablets, and cell phones, as well as less time spent outside, have all been linked to an increase in the prevalence of myopia. Additionally, we discovered that the COVID-19 pandemic's commencement significantly changed children's behaviors since there was a switch from in-person instruction to online learning and a decline in outdoor activities because of home quarantine. : In children who participated in remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown, increased reliance on digital devices for online classes has either caused or worsened visual disturbances like the rapid progression of myopia, symptoms of dry eye and visual fatigue, and vergence and accommodation disturbances. The outcomes of this methodical study show that myopia development is significantly impacted using digital screens during the COVID-19 pandemic.