This paper develops an explicitly materialist analysis of the 'rentier chieftaincy' by drawing on Marx's theory of modern landed property. It argues that the colonial formation of 'tribal' land relations may be understood in relation to the subjugation of African labour to colonial capital, which in turn unintentionally created a potential barrier against investment on tribal land, and hence the conditions for the chiefly appropriation of ground rent. However, the extent to which chiefs could exercise an effective land monopoly in relation to capital was at the same time conditional upon the extent of their proprietorial control in relation to both the subject population and the central state. The politically conditional nature of this chiefly monopoly is captured in the formulation 'tribal-landed property', which is illustrated and developed through a case study of the changing economic relationship between the Bafokeng chieftaincy and mining capital on the South African platinum belt. It is concluded that this may have wider application in the context of accelerating investment over 'communal' land and intensifying struggles for its exclusive control, since these are potentially also struggles over the distribution of the surplus value produced by land-based capitals.Keywords: chieftaincy, customary land, mining, ground rent, South Africa [D]oes the new assertiveness of chiefly politics register a persistent, and indeed resurgent, manifestation of 'pre-capitalist' social relations and ideology? I think not, but rather that it manifests some of Africa's historically specific forms of commoditization and accumulation, of capitalist class dynamics, in new conditions (Bernstein 2014, 101).Wage-labour and landed property, like capital, are historically specific social forms; one of labour, and the other of the monopolized earth, both in fact being forms corresponding to the same economic formation of society (Marx 1981, 954).
Drawing on a detailed study of three village-level disputes in the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela traditional authority area, this article explores how intensifying land struggles on the platinum belt around Rustenburg are being mediated through conflicts over group boundaries and identities, and how this in turn is articulating a potentially new yet contradictory rural class politics. In a context where chiefly authorities are themselves becoming major shareholders in local mining operations, the burning question is whether the ‘tribe’ should be treated as the only legitimate African land-holding unit, or whether the collective ownership of mineralised land should reside in smaller socio-political groups, typically claiming decent from its original buyers. The article finds that while contested constructions of rural ‘community’ are emerging as a significant means of defending or advancing popular claims over landed resources, these corporate forms of organisation are simultaneously riven by gender, generational and other social divisions, and are prone to replicating the tribalist logics they seek to challenge. The attempt to establish private property rights through more exclusionary group definitions may therefore also act as an equally divisive force against those labelled ‘outsiders’, not least migrant mineworkers.
Since assuming power in 1994, the African National Congress has pursued an ambitious policy of ‘modernising’ the minerals and mining sector in line with its overarching goal of developing an internationally competitive, non-racial and socially stabilised South African capitalism. This is a materialist analysis of the measures and evolution of that policy in the critically contested period between the release of the Minerals Development Bill (MDB) (December 2000) and its promulgation as the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (October 2002). Despite its apparent radicalism, the bill's core proposal to nationalise mineral rights is a variant of what Marx termed a ‘Ricardian reform’, here designed to accelerate capital accumulation by eliminating the barrier of private minerals ownership. Yet, the MDB also married this classically bourgeois reform with a nationalist commitment to racially transform the structure of mine ownership, thus embodying key contradictions of South Africa's democratic transition in the era of neoliberalism. The struggle over the final form and benefits of the new minerals dispensation would be centred on the platinum industry, where the established (white) producers had the most to lose from the legal abolition of the old mineral property system in favour of the nationalisation and strategic redistribution of the resource base. [Une réforme bourgeoise avec une justice sociale ? Les contradictions du Projet de loi de Développement des Minéraux et l'Emancipation Economique des Noirs dans l'industrie minière du platine d'Afrique du Sud]. Depuis son arrivée au pouvoir en 1994, l'ANC a poursuivi une politique ambitieuse de la ≪ modernisation ≫ du secteur des minerais et des mines en accord avec son objectif global de développer un capitalisme propre à l'Afrique du sud, compétitif au niveau international, non racialement ségrégationniste et socialement fiable. Il s'agit d'une analyse matérialiste des mesures et de l'évolution de cette politique dans la période gravement contestée entre la sortie du Projet de Loi sur le Développement des Minéraux (MDB décembre 2000) et sa promulgation en tant que loi du Développement des Ressources Pétrolières et Minérales (octobre 2002). Malgré son radicalisme apparent, la proposition de base du projet de loi visant à nationaliser les droits miniers est une variante de ce que Marx appelait une ≪ réforme ricardienne ≫, ici conçue pour accélérer l'accumulation du capital en éliminant la barrière de la propriété privée des minéraux. Cependant le MDB a également épousé cette réforme bourgeoise classique avec un engagement nationaliste de transformer radicalement la structure de la propriété minière, incarnant ainsi les contradictions clés de la transition démocratique en Afrique du Sud à l'ère du néolibéralisme. La lutte pour la forme finale et les avantages de la nouvelle dispensation sur les minéraux seraient centrés sur l'industrie du platine, où les producteurs (blancs) établis avaient le plus à perdre de l'abolition légale du système de propriété minérale ancienne en faveur de la nationalisation et de la redistribution stratégiques de la base de ressources. Mots-clés: l'ANC; l'émancipation économique des Noirs; les droits miniers; la nationalisation; l'industrie du platine; la politique des ressources; la réforme ricardienne
The South African platinum industry has grown phenomenally since the mid 1990s to become the single largest component of the national mining sector in employment and sales-value terms. In line with Fine's (1992) contribution to a general theory of mining, this article presents an initial political economy of that industry by considering the critical role that the apartheid mineral property system played in its dominant strategy of competitive accumulation in the years leading to the current platinum boom. Emphasis is placed on the different forms of minerals ownership that mediated the access of platinum capital to mineral resources in the Bophuthatswana and Lebowa Bantustans, where the bulk of South Africa's vast platinum reserves were geopolitically located under apartheid and how the reproduction of these strategic mineral property relations was secured during the political transition to the benefit of the white platinum corporations. It concludes that the industry's very success in maintaining its proprietary control over the world's largest platinum endowment would combine with an unprecedented surge in global platinum demand to simultaneously position it as the most dynamic element of the post-apartheid mining economy and as the primary target of the new ANC government's minerals reform policy. [Victime de son propre succès? L'industrie minière de platine et le système apartheid de propriété minérale dans la transition politique en Afrique du Sud]. L'industrie du platine sud-africain a connu une croissance phénoménale depuis le milieu des années 1990 pour devenir la composante principale du secteur minier national en termes d'emploi et des ventes des valeurs actualisées. En ligne avec la contribution de Fine (1992) à une théorie générale de l'exploitation minière, cet article présente une économie politique initiale de cette industrie en considérant le rôle crucial que le système apartheid de propriété minérale a joué dans sa stratégie dominante d'accumulation compétitive dans les années qui avaient conduit à l'actuel boom économique de platine. L'accent est mis sur les différentes formes de propriétés minières qui ont servi de médiateur à l'accès du capital de platine pour les ressources minérales dans les bantoustans Bophuthatswana et Lebowa, les endroits géopolitiques de la majeure partie des vastes réserves de l'Afrique du Sud en platine sous l'apartheid, et comment la reproduction de ces rapports des propriétés minières stratégiques a été obtenues lors de la transition politique au profit des sociétés de platine caucasiennes. Il conclut que le succès même du secteur dans le maintien de son contrôle exclusif sur les rèserves mondiales de platine se combineraient avec une augmentation sans précédent de la demande mondiale de platine en le positionnant simultanément comme l'élément le plus dynamique de l'économie minière post apartheid et comme la cible principale du nouveau gouvernement de l'ANC en matière de politique de réforme minière. Mots-clés: exploitations minières de platine droits miniers Afrique du Sud propriété foncière Boputhatswana Lebowa
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