A field trial was conducted to investigate the productivity of three bread wheat cultivars, namely Giza-168, Shandawel-1, and Misr-2, under different fertilization treatments, i.e., azotobacter inoculation, 25% nitrogen (N) + azotobacter, 50%N + azotobacter, 75%N + azotobacter, and 100%N of the recommended level (180 kg/ha). The treatments were laid in a split-plot design, and each was replicated three times. The findings showed that wheat cultivars examined in the two seasons exhibited significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) in plant height (PH, cm), number of tillers m−2 (NTM), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), 1000-grain weight (TGW, g), spike length (SL, cm), biological yield (BY, ton ha−1), grain yield (GY, ton ha−1), straw yield (SY, ton ha−1), harvest index (HI, %), protein content (PC, %), days to 50% heading (DTH), and chlorophyll content (CC, SPAD). As a result, Giza-168 had a higher GY (14%), HI (27%), and TGW (10%) than any of the other two cultivars in both growing seasons. Furthermore, Misr-2 exhibited the highest PH (16%), NTM (26%), NSS (28%), SL (10%), BY (30%), SY (46%), and CC (3%). The application of the two treatments of 100%N and N75% + azotobacter exhibited high and statistically similar performance, resulting in an increase in all studied traits by greater than 30–50% compared to the other three treatments. According to the findings of the current investigation, the application of N fertilizer combined with azotobacter increased wheat yield more than either solely azotobacter or N application. We concluded that the application of nitrogen combined with azotobacter reduced the quantity of applied nitrogen by 25%.

A two-year (2020–2021) field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of particular nanoparticles and biofertilizers on the growth, yield, and biochemical attributes of peanuts (Cv. Giza 6). Before planting, the seeds were inoculated with two biofertilizers, mycorrhiza and phosphorine, and were considered the main plot. The subplot contained foliar sprays of nanoparticles, i.e., 200 ppm boron (B), 200 ppm calcium (Ca), their combination (Ca+B), and the control (no spray). The results revealed that mycorrhiza significantly increased 100-seed weight (70.45 g), seed yield (1.9 ton/ha), biological yield (7.5 ton/ha), crop growth rate (CGR) (2.9 g day−1 m−2), branching number (12.5), and protein content (22.96) compared with the control or phosphorine. Among the nanoparticles, Ca+B maximally improved plant height, CGR, 100-seed weight, shelling percentage, seed yield, oil content, and seed protein, while plants treated with B exhibited maximum seed nitrogen, pods per plant, and biological yield compared to other treatments. Overall, plants treated with Ca and B nanoparticles and mycorrhiza exhibited remarkable improvement in their growth, yield, and biochemical attributes, suggesting that nanotechnology and biofertilization are steps toward environmentally friendly, progressive farming. This study laid the basis for further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of plants in response to these nanoparticles and biofertilizers.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is widely cultivated for its edible bean, which has many uses. Soybean is the most important protein source for animal feeding and human food. Among the legumes, soybean is valued for its high protein content (38-45 %), also soybean seed contains 18-19 % oil (Livestock's long shadow, 2016).Soybean is a globally important crop that provides protein and oil for a wide array of products. Soybean seed is made up of crudely 40 % protein, 20 % oil, 35 % carbohydrate and 5 % ash (Soares et al., 2008).Total cultivated area of soybean in the world in 2018 was about 123.5 million ha which produced about 352.6 million tons, while in Egypt, the cultivated area was about 15000 ha produced approximately 45000 ton from dry seeds (FAO STAT, 2018). Soybean is very sensitive plant to drought and salinity conditions during vegetative and reproductive growth. Since soybean is classified as dehydration-sensitive species that require ARTICLE INFO

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is widely cultivated for its edible bean, which has many uses. Soybean is the cheap and most important protein source for animal feed and human food. Among the legumes, soybean is valued for its high protein content (38-45%) , also soybean seed contains 18-19% oil (Livestock's long shadow, 2016). Soybean is a globally important crop that provides protein and oil for a wide array of products. By weight, soybean seed is made up of roughly 40% protein, 20% oil, 35% carbohydrate, and 5% ash (Soares et al., 2008). The total cultivated area of soybean in the world in 2017 was about 123.5 million ha produced about 352.64 million tons, while in Egypt, the cultivated area was about 15000 ha produced approximately 45000 tons from dry seeds (FAO, 2018). Soybean is a very sensitive plant to drought and salinity conditions during vegetative and reproductive growth. Since soybean is classified as dehydration-sensitive

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