A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, carotenoid-pigmented, motile-by-gliding bacterium, which was designated as SSH13T, was isolated from a surface seawater sample collected from Sehwa Beach in the Republic of Korea. Strain SSH13T was oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and grew at 2–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), in the presence of 0.5–6% NaCl and within a pH range of pH 6–10 (optimum, pH 8). The novel isolate required NaCl for growth and grew optimally with approximately 2 % NaCl. Chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics were consistent with members of the genus Lewinella . Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strain SSH13T was most closely related to the type strains of the genus Lewinella . Strain SSH13T had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Lewinella persica DSM 23188T (95.3 %) and Lewinella agarilytica KCTC 12774T (95.0 %). The major fatty acids of SSH13T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c) and iso-C15 : 0. Strain SSH13T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid. Menaquinone-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The average nucleotide identity values between strain SSH13T and L. persica T-3T and L. agarilytica SST-19T were 72.9 and 72.6 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.8 mol%. The present study aimed to determine the multiple-antibiotic resistance of the novel bacterium. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain SSH13T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lewinella , for which the name Lewinella aurantiaca sp. nov. (type strain SSH13T=KACC 21167T=NBRC 113866T) is proposed.

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A novel fibrillar matrix-producing, rod-shaped, red–orange, asporogenous, aerobic bacterium, designated DK36T, was isolated from roots of a rice plant in the Ilsan region near Dongguk University, South Korea. Cells of strain DK36T were Gram-stain-negative and motile by means of gliding. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 7–35 °C (optimum: 30 °C) and pH 5–10 (optimum: pH 7.0). The strain did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated up to 8 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic anlaysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that DK36T formed a monophyletic clade with Adhaeribacter aerophilus 6425 S-25T, Adhaeribacter aerolatus 6515 J-31T and Adhaeribacter swui 17mud1-7T with sequence similarities of 96.3, 95.5 and 95.2%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values of strain DK36T with the most closely related strains whose whole genomes are publicly available were 72.5–83.6% and 19–28 %, respectively. The strain showed the typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of the genus Adhaeribacter , with the presence of menaquinone MK-7 as the respiratory quinone, and C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (composed of iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophosphoglycolipid, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and five unidentified polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content based on the draft genome sequence was 43.4 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis clearly revealed that strain DK36T represents a novel species of the genus Adhaeribacter , for which the name Adhaeribacter rhizoryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DK36T (=KACC 19902T=NBRC 113689T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, asporogenous, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, non-motile, golden-yellow pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium with casein-degrading ability, designated strain GCR10T, was isolated from roots of rice plants collected from a paddy field near Dongguk University, Republic of Korea. The results of subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that GCR10T shares the highest sequence identity with Chryseobacterium piscicola VQ-6316sT (98.3%). Strain GCR10T grew at 2–32 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–2.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum in the absence of NaCl). The novel strain was able to produce carotenoid and flexirubin-type pigments. The predominant menaquinone was MK-6 and the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminoglycolipids, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The genome of GCR10T is 4.3 Mb in length with a DNA G+C content of 36.5 mol%. Average nucleotide identity, digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values between GCR10T and Chryseobacterium piscicola VQ-6316sT were 82.1, 25.2 and 84.3 %, respectively, which clearly indicates that the novel strain is distinct from its closest relative. The demand for natural biodegradable pigments isolated frominsects, plants or microorganisms is increasing day by day because of their beneficial pharmacological properties. Here, we describe a novel strain that produces two types of pigment, carotenoid and flexirubin. On the basis of the results from phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain GCR10T represents a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium , and the name Chryseobacterium caseinilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GCR10T (=KACC 21707T=NBRC 114715T).

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