IntrOductIOnInfertility clinics have been facing the challenge to determine the degree of ovarian reserve so that treatment can be implemented effectively and wisely. There are several methods of evaluating ovarian reserve (size of ovarian follicle pool and remaining time left to conceive) such as elevated serum Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), low ovarian volume, an Antral Follicle Count (AFC) AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH) of <5 per ovary, low inhibin B levels and serum AMH levels [1]. AMH, a member of the transforming growth factor β family is a novel marker for predicting ovarian response. It has an inhibitory effect on the primordial follicular recruitment in the ovary and on the responsiveness of the growing follicles to the FSH; thus it is important in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome [2,3]. AMH serum levels are not controlled by gonadotropins [4,5]. During infancy AMH levels increase, whereas during adolescence, a plateau until the age of 25 year is observed. From the age of 25 year onward, the serum AMH levels correlate inversely with age, implying that AMH is applicable as a marker of ovarian reserve only in women of 25-year-old and older. Thus the total number of ovarian follicles is determined early in life, and the depletion of this pool leads to reproductive senescence [6,7]. The serum AMH levels are not controlled by hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis which makes it a useful marker in diagnosing conditions such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure [8]. Furthermore serum AMH could also indicate the presence of underlying PCOS in those cases in whom TVS is not possible because of either non acceptance or some psycho-social issue [9].We conducted this study for assessing the effect of serum AMH levels on infertility treatment outcome and compared our findings with some of the studies previously done from India and other countries. MAterIAls And MethOdsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, for one year (May 2012-April 2013). Inclusion criteriaAll female patients (n=150) who visited infertility clinics of a.Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department were considered as cases. Twenty uniparous or multiparous females in reproductive b.age group with no complaints of infertility were considered as controls. exclusion criteriaAll the females c.who did not give consent for participation in study.Those patients who were lost for follow-up (n=10). d.Serum levels of AMH were measured in all the participants on 2 nd day of menstrual cycle using ultra sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay AMH Gen II ELISA Kit (Beckman Coulter). These cases were followed up for the period of one year. The occurrence of conception was confirmed either by ultrasonography or by urine pregnancy card test. We extracted the patient's sociodemographic data, clinical history (e.g., hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, and amenorrhea), anthropometric measurements and other relevant data from information given by p...

Background: Filariasis, a global problem, is a major public health issue in India. Despite its high incidence, it is unusual to detect microfilaria in cytological smears, though unexpected detection of microfilariae in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), exfoliative and fluid cytology have been reported previously. The study analyzed the role of cytology in detection of asymptomatic carriers of microfilariae. Methods:This was a retrospective, observational study and included cases of filariasis from cytological records spanning five years. The epidemiological, clinical, hematologic and radiologic details were noted. The slides were retrieved and examined. Descriptive statistical analysis was utilized.Result: Filariasis was diagnosed in 0.03% of the total cytology cases studied during the period, constituting 0.04% of FNACs (two cases of inguino-scrotal swellings, two of breast lumps, one of thyroid swelling) and 0.02% of cervicovaginal smears (two cases). None of them was clinically suspected to be filariasis. Radiological examination was also misleading. None of the cases demonstrated raised leukocytosis or microfilaremia and eosinophilia was present in 3 cases (42.9%). Apart from microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti, eggs were present in one case. This was associated with inflammation in all cases, cell adherence in 42.9% and coexistent hyperplastic and neoplastic conditions in 57.1% cases. Conclusion:The detection of microfilariae in cytological material in the absence of clinical, radiologic or hematologic suspicion, in an area of relatively low prevalence of filaria, points to the need for a high index of suspicion and careful screening of all smears, as cytology may play an important role in the diagnosis of asymptomatic carriers of microfilariae.

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